More than half of Earth's species are contained in a mere 1.4% of its land area, but the climates of many of these biodiversity hotspots are projected to disappear as a consequence of anthropogenic climate change. There is growing recognition that spatio‐temporal patterns of climate in biodiversity hotspots have shaped biological diversity over a variety of historical time‐scales, yet these patterns are rarely taken into account in assessments of the vulnerability of biodiversity hotspots to future climate change. In our review, we synthesize the climatic processes that have led to the diversification of hotspots and interpret what this means in the context of anthropogenic climate change. We demonstrate the importance of mesoclimatic processes and fine‐scale topographical heterogeneity, in combination with climatic variability, in driving speciation processes and maintaining high levels of diversity. We outline why these features of hotspots are crucial to understanding the impacts of anthropogenic climate change and discuss how recent advances in predictive modelling enable vulnerability to be understood better.

中文翻译：

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全球生物多样性热点地区对气候变化的脆弱性

地球上一半以上的物种仅占其陆地面积的1.4％，但是由于人为气候变化，预计其中许多生物多样性热点的气候将消失。人们日益认识到，生物多样性热点地区的气候时空格局已在各种历史时间尺度上塑造了生物多样性，但是在评估生物多样性热点地区对未来气候变化的脆弱性时，很少考虑到这些格局。在我们的综述中，我们综合了导致热点多样化的气候过程，并解释了在人为气候变化的背景下这意味着什么。我们证明了中气候过程和精细尺度地形异质性以及气候变异性的重要性，推动物种形成过程并保持高度的多样性。我们概述了热点的这些特征为何对于理解人为气候变化的影响至关重要，并讨论了预测模型的最新进展如何使人们更好地理解了脆弱性。