Lactate biosensor fabrication using a chitosan and crosslinker configuration realised solution mediation (K₃Fe(CN)₆) with lactate linear range 9.9 × 10⁻⁴ to 5.66×10⁻³ M, sensitivity 1.44×10⁻³C cm⁻² mM⁻¹ and LOD of 0.54 mM. Further development involved use of the heterocyclic quinoid species 1,10-phenanthroline-5,6-dione which acted as a proton and electron acceptor in relation to FADH₂ cofactor regeneration. Graphite ink was formulated and utilised as an underlying conductive layer for LOx enzyme immobilisation and enzymatic polymerisation of 1,10-phenanthroline-5,6-dione at a GC electrode, resulting in a linear range of 0.74 – 2.44×10⁻³ M, sensitivity of 4.11×10⁻⁴C cm⁻² mM⁻¹ and LOD of 0.06 mM. Scanning electron and electrochemical scanning microscopy realised surface characterisation of the enzyme layers.

使用脱乙酰壳多糖和交联剂的结构来实现溶液调解乳酸的生物传感器的制造（K ₃的Fe（CN）₆）与乳酸线性范围9.9×10 ^-4到5.66×10 ^-3 男，灵敏度1.44×10 ^-3 Ç厘米^-2毫米^{- 1}和LOD为0.54 mM。进一步的发展涉及使用杂环醌类物质1,10-菲咯啉-5,6-二酮，它相对于FADH ₂充当质子和电子受体辅因子再生。配制了石墨墨水并将其用作底层导电层，用于在GC电极上固定LOx酶和1,10-菲咯啉-5,6-二酮的酶聚合，线性范围为0.74 – 2.44×10 ^-3  M，灵敏度为4.11×10 ^-4 C cm ^-2 mM ^-1和LOD为0.06 mM。扫描电子和电化学扫描显微镜实现了酶层的表面表征。