In this study, the occurrence of 12 organophosphorus flame retardants (OPFRs), 64 pesticides, 21 perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) and 34 pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) in surface water, sediments and vegetation collected from seven locations along the South Riyadh and six locations along the Al-Jubail industrial city (Saudi Arabia) were reported. The median of the concentrations of ƩOPFRs, ƩPesticides, ƩPFASs and ƩPPCPs in water was 297, 231, 29.7 and 3794 ng L⁻¹, respectively, in sediments 56.2, 40.4, 5.66 and 419 ng g⁻¹ d.w., in crops for human consumption of 45.6, 42.0, 0.46 and 42.0 ng g⁻¹, in farm crops of 13.4, 57.5, 3.2 and 637 ng g⁻¹, and in natural vegetation of 51.7, 10.3, 1.88 and 1580 ng g⁻¹. Predominant compounds in all matrices were tris-(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl)phosphate (TClPP), acetamiprid, imidacloprid, caffeine, bisphenol A (BPA), diclofenac and ibuprofen. Tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (TBEP), tris-(2-ethylhexyl)phosphate (TPhP), perfluoroctanoic acid (PFOA), perfluoroalkyl sulfonate (PFOS) and paracetamol were also in many samples but at low concentrations. The contaminants' levels showed similar values in both cities. However, pesticide levels were significantly higher in surface water (p < 0.05) and lower in natural vegetation (p < 0.05) of Riyadh than those of Al-Jubail. The risk assessment for the aquatic biota showed that abamectin, diazinon (pesticides), bisphenol A and caffeine (PPCPs) had the highest risk levels. The cumulative risk assessment showed that the contaminant mixture in all water samples is of concern. As far as the risk to human health is concerned, individual contaminants did not show a significant hazard for the population. However, OPFRs and pesticide requires a closed monitoring since % of admissible daily intakes (ADIs) or reference doses (RfD) are high. This is one of the most comprehensive study covering environmental and human risk assessment of emerging contaminants carried out in Saudi Arabia.

在这项研究中，从利雅得河南部和南部沿岸七个地点收集的地表水，沉积物和植被中，存在12种有机磷阻燃剂（OPFR），64种农药，21种全氟烷基物质（PFAS）和34种药品和个人护理产品（PPCP）。据报道，Al-Jubail工业城市（沙特阿拉伯）有六个地点。供人类食用的作物中，沉积物中56.2、40.4、5.66和419 ng g ^-1 dw的ƩOPFRs，Ʃ农药，ƩPFAS和ƩPPCPs的中位浓度分别为297、231、29.7和3794 ng L ^-1。45.6、42.0、0.46和42.0 ng g ^-1的农作物，13.4、57.5、3.2和637 ng g ^-1的农作物以及51.7、10.3、1.88和1580 ng g的自然植被^-1。在所有基质中的主要化合物是三-（1,3-二氯-2-丙基）磷酸酯（TC1PP），乙酰胺，吡虫啉，咖啡因，双酚A（BPA），双氯芬酸和布洛芬。磷酸三（2-丁氧基乙基）酯（TBEP），磷酸三（2-乙基己基）酯（TPhP），全氟辛酸（PFOA），全氟烷基磺酸盐（PFOS）和扑热息痛也存在于许多样品中，但浓度较低。两个城市的污染物水平显示出相似的值。然而，与Al-Jubail相比，利雅得的地表水中农药含量显着较高（p <0.05），而自然植被中的农药含量（p <0.05）则较低。对水生生物区系的风险评估表明，阿维菌素，二嗪农（杀虫剂），双酚A和咖啡因（PPCPs）具有最高的风险水平。累积风险评估表明，所有水样品中的污染物混合物均值得关注。就对人类健康的危害而言，单个污染物并未对人口构成重大危害。但是，OPFR和农药需要封闭监测，因为允许的每日摄入量（ADIs）或参考剂量（RfD）的百分比很高。这是涵盖沙特阿拉伯新兴污染物的环境和人类风险评估的最全面的研究之一。