Agroforestry landscapes are crucial to human wellbeing; however, they are in sharp decline across Europe. Improved understanding of the complexity of agroforestry landscapes within different biophysical, social-cultural, economic and governance contexts is essential for designing effective policy and management interventions that are more tightly aligned with societal expectations and aspirations. This paper identifies and compares values that people attribute to agroforestry landscapes across North-Eastern Europe, using case studies in Sweden, Latvia, Belarus, and the Russian Federation. We apply the multiple-value approach developed for the conceptual framework of the Intergovernmental Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services to an assessment of agroforestry landscapes. Using data from a total of 1634 face-to-face structured interviews, we (i) analyse and explore the preferences of diverse groups of respondents for agroforestry landscapes; (ii) identify a broad range of nature’s contributions to people (NCP) that were attributed to agroforestry landscapes by respondents; and, (iii) analyse values of agroforestry landscapes across different contexts in NorthEastern Europe. We found that a highly heterogenous group of people – broadly irrespective of age, education, gender, place of residence, as well as political, economic, or social-cultural context – perceive agroforestry landscapes to be important to their quality of life. Respondents attributed multiple NCP to agroforestry landscapes, and non-material NCP are the most frequently assigned in all four countries. An absolute majority of respondents across all case studies considered relational values of agroforestry landscapes to be important for their quality of life with identity as the most often associated with agroforestry landscapes.

We discuss how relational values might be incorporated in policies and practices related to agroforestry landscapes in North-Eastern Europe.

农林业景观对人类福祉至关重要；但是，它们在整个欧洲都在急剧下降。更好地理解不同生物物理，社会文化，经济和治理环境下农林业景观的复杂性，对于设计更有效地与社会期望和愿望相一致的有效政策和管理干预措施至关重要。本文使用瑞典，拉脱维亚，白俄罗斯和俄罗斯联邦的案例研究，确定并比较了人们归因于整个东北欧洲农林业景观的价值。我们将为政府间生物多样性和生态系统服务平台概念框架开发的多值方法用于农林业景观的评估。使用来自总共1634个面对面结构化访谈的数据，我们（i）分析和探讨不同受访者群体对农林业景观的偏好；（ii）确定受访者归因于农林业景观的自然界对人类的广泛贡献；（iii）分析东北欧洲不同背景下农林业景观的价值。我们发现，高度异类的人群（无论年龄，教育程度，性别，居住地以及政治，经济或社会文化背景如何）都认为农林业景观对其生活质量至关重要。受访者将多种NCP归因于农林业景观，而非物质NCP在这四个国家中分配最频繁。身份最常与农林业景观相关联。

我们讨论了如何将东北关系农业价值观纳入与农林业景观相关的政策和实践中。