Increased traditional dairy sheep production in the Basque Country of northern Spain could substantially affect pasture soils. This type of agricultural land performs vital functions and provides essential ecosystem services. Regenerative farming practices such as rotational grazing with prolonged resting periods are designed to improve farmland soil health, while profitably delivering high-quality farm products. The aim of this study was to determine the mid-term effect of rotational grazing on soil ecosystem services and evaluate their synergies and trade-offs. A 4.5-ha experimental pasture was divided into two sections: one subjected to regenerative rotational grazing and the other to conventional rotational grazing. A flock of 135 Latxa breed dairy ewes was evenly distributed over the two areas during six consecutive years. On the conventional rotational grazing section, the sheep were allowed to feed for 6–10 d followed by a 15-d rest period. On the regenerative rotational grazing section, the sheep were allowed to feed for 1–2 d followed by a 24-d rest period. Vegetation and soil were then sampled according to a grid design. Springtime grass production was estimated by cutting the vegetation, topsoil carbon storage was determined through elemental analysis of soil organic carbon, nutrient cycling was calculated by measuring the activity of six enzymes (β-glucosidase, β-glucosaminidase, sulfatase, acid phosphatase, L-alanine aminopeptidase, and L-leucine aminopeptidase), water flow regulation was calculated using a simplified water retention index, and biodiversity was determined via 16S rRNA metabarcoding of soil prokaryotes. Regenerative rotational grazing achieved 30% higher springtime grass production and 3.6% higher topsoil carbon storage than conventional rotational grazing. The other parameters did not differ significantly between the grazing regimes. Regenerative rotational grazing reduced relative data dispersion for all ecosystem services, possibly because it supported comparatively homogeneous pasture use by livestock and avoided the negative consequences of overgrazing and undergrazing. Thus, regenerative rotational grazing might effectively improve certain soil ecosystem services without causing trade-offs to others.

西班牙北部巴斯克地区的传统奶牛产量增加，可能会严重影响牧场土壤。这种类型的农地起着至关重要的作用，并提供基本的生态系统服务。诸如轮回放牧和延长休息时间之类的再生农业做法旨在改善农田土壤健康，同时以高收益的方式提供优质农产品。这项研究的目的是确定轮牧对土壤生态系统服务的中期影响，并评估其协同作用和权衡取舍。一个4.5公顷的实验性牧场分为两个部分：一个进行再生式旋转放牧，另一部分进行常规的旋转放牧。连续六年中，在这两个地区均匀分布了135株Latxa品种的母羊。在常规的旋转放牧区，允许绵羊进食6-10天，然后休息15天。在再生式旋转放牧区，让绵羊进食1-2天，然后休息24天。然后根据网格设计对植被和土壤进行采样。通过砍伐植被来估算春季草的产量，通过对土壤有机碳的元素分析来确定表土的碳储量，通过测量六种酶（β-葡萄糖苷酶，β-葡萄糖苷酶，硫酸酯酶，酸性磷酸酶，然后根据网格设计对植被和土壤进行采样。通过砍伐植被来估算春季草的产量，通过对土壤有机碳的元素分析来确定表土的碳储量，通过测量六种酶（β-葡萄糖苷酶，β-葡萄糖苷酶，硫酸酯酶，酸性磷酸酶，然后根据网格设计对植被和土壤进行采样。通过砍伐植被来估算春季草的产量，通过对土壤有机碳的元素分析来确定表土的碳储量，通过测量六种酶（β-葡萄糖苷酶，β-葡萄糖苷酶，硫酸酯酶，酸性磷酸酶，L-丙氨酸氨基肽酶和L-亮氨酸氨基肽酶），使用简化的保水指数计算水流量，并通过土壤原核生物的16S rRNA元条形码确定生物多样性。与传统的旋转放牧相比，再生式旋转放牧使春季草产量提高了30％，表土碳储量提高了3.6％。放牧制度之间的其他参数没有显着差异。再生轮牧减少了所有生态系统服务的相对数据分散，这可能是因为它支持牲畜使用相对均匀的牧场，并避免了过度放牧和放牧不足的负面后果。因此，可再生的轮牧可以有效地改善某些土壤生态系统的服务，而不会导致其他方面的取舍。