Agricultural Systems ( IF 6.1 ) Pub Date : 2021-02-13 , DOI: 10.1016/j.agsy.2021.103108 B Jan Middendorf 1 , Aliou Faye 2 , Gerad Middendorf 3 , Zachary P Stewart 1, 4 , Prakash K Jha 1 , P V Vara Prasad 1, 4
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CONTEXT
The global COVID-19 pandemic has produced a variety of unanticipated shocks to farming and socio-economic systems around the world. In case of Senegal, the country was already facing number of challenges at the inception of the pandemic, including high rates of poverty, prevalence of food insecurity, combined with other biophysical and socioeconomic challenges faced generally in Sub-Saharan Africa.
OBJECTIVE
To understand farmer perceptions of the potential impacts of COVID-19 on agricultural systems and social well-being of smallholder farmers in Senegal. Particular attention was given to potential vulnerabilities and resilience in the targeted farming systems.
METHODS
A survey was developed to better understand smallholder farmer perceptions regarding the anticipated impacts of COVID-19 on their agriculture practices and social well-being. The survey was administered (between June 5 and June 20) with smallholder farmers (n = 872) in 14 regions covering all agroecological zones. Variables of interest included perceptions of potential impact on farming systems, agricultural productivity, communities, economics, markets, labor, gendered division of labor, food security, and community well-being.
RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS
Across the three farming systems examined (cropping, livestock, and horticulture) significant majorities expressed concerns related to access to inputs, ability to plant (cropping, horticulture), reduction of yields (cropping, horticulture), ability to feed livestock, ability to sell livestock, and the ability to hire labor (horticulture). The majority of respondents also expressed concern that COVID-19 would make it more difficult to get enough food on a regular basis for their household (82.5%); that the markets where they purchase food will either be closed or significantly disrupted (79.5%); that the price of food would increase (73.5%); and the market where they sell their produce/livestock will be either closed or significantly disrupted (73.2%).
SIGNIFICANCE
Anticipated impacts of COVID-19 on agriculture will be felt on both the biophysical aspects such as production and access to inputs and socioeconomic aspects such as access to labor, markets, or rapid shifts in demand. Results support the need to use farming systems approach to gather perceived and actual impacts of COVID-19 and warrants a more in-depth examination of agronomic and biophysical issues as well as the impact on the livelihoods and social well-being of families at community and household levels. Further examination will help identify the characteristics that strengthen smallholder farming systems resilience to adjust to anticipated and unanticipated shocks, such as COVID-19, to decrease the negative impacts and increase the rate of recovery.
中文翻译：
小农对 COVID-19 对塞内加尔农业和生计影响的看法
语境
全球 COVID-19 大流行对世界各地的农业和社会经济系统产生了各种意想不到的冲击。就塞内加尔而言，该国在大流行开始时就已经面临许多挑战，包括高贫困率、普遍存在的粮食不安全，以及撒哈拉以南非洲普遍面临的其他生物物理和社会经济挑战。
客观的
了解农民对 COVID-19 对塞内加尔小农的农业系统和社会福祉的潜在影响的看法。特别关注目标农业系统的潜在脆弱性和复原力。
方法
开展了一项调查，以更好地了解小农对 COVID-19 对其农业实践和社会福祉的预期影响的看法。 该调查是在 6 月 5 日至 6 月 20 日期间对覆盖所有农业生态区的 14 个地区的小农户 ( n = 872) 进行的。感兴趣的变量包括对农业系统、农业生产力、社区、经济、市场、劳动力、性别分工、粮食安全和社区福祉的潜在影响的看法。
结果和结论
在所研究的三个农业系统（种植业、畜牧业和园艺业）中，绝大多数人表达了与获得投入、种植能力（种植业、园艺业）、减产（种植业、园艺业）、饲养牲畜的能力、销售能力相关的担忧牲畜，以及雇佣劳动力的能力（园艺）。大多数受访者还表示担心 COVID-19 会使他们的家庭更难定期获得足够的食物 (82.5%)；他们购买食品的市场将关闭或受到严重干扰 (79.5%)；食品价格会上涨（73.5%）；他们出售农产品/牲畜的市场将关闭或受到严重干扰 (73.2%)。
意义
COVID-19 对农业的预期影响将体现在生产和获取投入品等生物物理方面以及劳动力、市场或需求快速变化等社会经济方面。结果支持需要使用耕作系统方法来收集 COVID-19 的感知和实际影响，并保证对农艺和生物物理问题以及对社区和家庭的生计和社会福祉的影响进行更深入的研究家庭水平。进一步检查将有助于确定加强小农农业系统适应预期和意外冲击（例如 COVID-19）的弹性的特征，以减少负面影响并提高恢复速度。
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