An efficient time-adaptive multigrid algorithm is used to solve a range of normal and oblique droplet impacts on dry surfaces and liquid films using the Depth-Averaged Form (DAF) method of the governing unsteady Navier–Stokes equations. The dynamics of a moving three-phase contact line on dry surfaces is predicted by a precursor film model. The method is validated against a variety of experimental results for droplet impacts, looking at factors such as crown height and diameter, spreading diameter and splashing for a range of Weber, Reynolds and Froude numbers along with liquid film thicknesses and impact angles. It is found that, while being a computationally inexpensive methodology, the DAF method produces accurate predictions of the crown and spreading diameters as well as conditions for splash, however, underpredicts the crown height as the vertical inertia is not included in the model.

一种有效的时间自适应多网格算法，用于使用深度平均形式来解决一系列正常和倾斜的液滴对干燥表面和液膜的影响（DAF）方法处理非稳态Navier–Stokes方程。通过前体薄膜模型预测干燥表面上移动的三相接触线的动力学。该方法针对液滴撞击的各种实验结果进行了验证，研究了诸如韦伯，雷诺和弗洛德数范围内的冠高和直径，铺展直径和飞溅以及液体膜厚度和撞击角度等因素。已发现，虽然DAF方法是一种计算成本低廉的方法，但它可以精确预测胎冠和延展直径以及飞溅的条件，但是由于模型中不包括垂直惯性，因此对胎冠高度的预测不足。