Purpose of Review

Our review provides an overview of forest attributes measurable by forest inventory that may support the integration of non-provisioning ecosystem services (ES) and biodiversity into forest planning. The review identifies appropriate forest attributes to quantify the opportunity for recreation, biodiversity promotion and carbon storage, and describes new criteria that future forest inventories may include. As a source of information, we analyse recent papers on forest inventory and ES to show if and how they address these criteria. We further discuss how mapping ES could benefit from such new criteria and conclude with three case studies illustrating the importance of selected criteria delivered by forest inventory.

Recent Findings

Recent studies on forest inventory focus mainly on carbon storage and biodiversity promotion, while very few studies address the opportunity of recreation. Field sampling still dominates the data collection, despite the fact that airborne laser scanning (ALS) has much improved the precision of large-scale estimates of the level of forest ES provision. However, recent inventory studies have hardly addressed criteria such as visible distance in stands, presence of open water bodies and soil damages (important for the opportunity of recreation) and naturalness (here understood as the similarity of the forest to its natural state) and habitat trees and natural clearings (important for biodiversity promotion). The problem of quantifying carbon stock changes with appropriate precision has not been addressed. In addition, the reviewed studies have hardly explored the potential of inventory information to support mapping of the demand for ES.

Summary

We identify challenges with estimating a number of criteria associated with rare events, relevant for both the opportunity of recreation and biodiversity promotion. These include deadwood, rare species and habitat trees. Such rare events require innovative inventory technology, such as point-transect sampling or ALS. The ALS technology needs relatively open canopies, to achieve reliable estimates for deadwood or understorey vegetation. For the opportunity of recreation, the diversity among forest stands (possibly quantified by geoinformatics) and information on the presence of open water bodies (provided by RADAR, ALS data or use of existing maps) may be important. Naturalness is a crucial criterion for native biodiversity promotion but hard to quantify and assess until now. Tree species identification would be crucial for this criterion, which is still a challenge for remote sensing techniques. Estimating carbon storage may build on biomass estimates from terrestrial samples or on remotely sensed data, but major problems exist with the precision of estimates for carbon stock changes. Recent approaches for mapping the supply side of forest ES are promising, while providing so far uncommon structural information by revised inventory concepts could be helpful also for mapping the demand for ES. We conclude that future studies must find holistic inventory management systems to couple various inventory technologies in support of the integration of non-provisioning ES and biodiversity into forest planning.

中文翻译：

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支持不提供生态系统服务和生物多样性到森林规划中的森林属性清单-从收集数据到提供信息

审查目的

我们的审查概述了可通过森林资源清查来衡量的森林属性，这可能支持将非供应型生态系统服务（ES）和生物多样性纳入森林规划。审查确定了适当的森林属性，以量化休闲，生物多样性促进和碳储存的机会，并描述了未来森林清单可能包括的新标准。作为信息来源，我们分析了有关森林清查和生态系统服务的最新论文，以显示它们是否以及如何满足这些标准。我们将进一步讨论制图ES如何从此类新标准中受益，并以三个案例研究作为结束，这些案例研究说明了由森林清查提供的选定标准的重要性。

最近的发现

最近关于森林资源清查的研究主要集中在碳储存和生物多样性的促进上，而很少有研究涉及休闲机会。尽管机载激光扫描（ALS）大大提高了对森林生态系统供应水平的大规模估算的准确性，但实地采样仍然主导着数据收集。但是，最近的清单研究几乎没有解决标准，例如看台上的可见距离，开放水域的存在和土壤破坏（对于休闲的机会很重要），自然性（此处理解为森林与其自然状态的相似性）和栖息地树木和自然砍伐（对促进生物多样性很重要）。尚未解决以适当的精度量化碳库变化的问题。此外，

概括

我们通过估计与稀有事件相关的许多标准来识别挑战，这些标准与娱乐机会和生物多样性促进都相关。这些包括枯木，稀有物种和栖息地树木。此类罕见事件需要创新的库存技术，例如点样采样或ALS。ALS技术需要相对开放的顶篷，以可靠估计枯木或林下植被。为了获得娱乐机会，林分之间的多样性（可能通过地球信息学来量化）和有关开放水域存在的信息（由RADAR，ALS数据或使用现有地图提供）可能很重要。自然性是促进本地生物多样性的关键标准，但至今仍难以量化和评估。树种识别对于这一标准至关重要，对于遥感技术而言，这仍然是一个挑战。碳储存量的估算可能基于地面样本的生物量估算值或遥感数据，但是碳存量变化的估算精度存在重大问题。映射森林生态系统供应方的最新方法很有希望，而到目前为止，通过修订清单概念提供不常见的结构信息也可能有助于绘制生态系统需求。我们得出结论，未来的研究必须找到整体的清单管理系统，以结合各种清单技术，以支持将非供应性ES和生物多样性整合到森林规划中。但是碳存量变化估算的准确性存在重大问题。映射森林生态系统供应方的最新方法是有希望的，而通过修订清单概念提供迄今为止不常见的结构信息也可能有助于绘制生态系统需求。我们得出结论，未来的研究必须找到整体的清单管理系统，以结合各种清单技术，以支持将非供应性ES和生物多样性整合到森林规划中。但是碳存量变化估算的准确性存在重大问题。映射森林生态系统供应方的最新方法很有希望，而到目前为止，通过修订清单概念提供不常见的结构信息也可能有助于绘制生态系统需求。我们得出结论，未来的研究必须找到整体的清单管理系统，以结合各种清单技术，以支持将非供应性ES和生物多样性整合到森林规划中。