This paper synthesises the data and results of the Konya Regional Archaeological Survey Project (2016–2020) in order to address the earliest evidence for cities and states on the Konya and Karaman plains, central Turkey. A nested and integrative approach is developed that draws on a wide range of spatially extensive datasets to outline meaningful trends in settlement, water management and regional defensive systems during the Bronze and Iron Ages. The significance of the regional centre of Türkmen-Karahöyük for a reconstruction of early state polities between the 13th and eighth centuries BCE is addressed. In light of this regional analysis, it is tentatively suggested that, during the Late Bronze Age, Türkmen-Karahöyük was the location of the city of Tarḫuntašša, briefly the Hittite capital during the reign of Muwatalli II. More assuredly, based on the analysis of the newly discovered Middle Iron Age TÜRKMEN-KARAHÖYÜK 1 inscription, it is proposed that Türkmen-Karahöyük was the seat of a kingdom during the eighth century BCE that likely encompassed the Konya and Karaman plains.

中文翻译：

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土耳其科尼亚和卡拉曼平原的城市化和早期国家形成的景观导向方法

本文综合了科尼亚地区考古调查项目（2016-2020 年）的数据和结果，以解决土耳其中部科尼亚和卡拉曼平原上城市和州的最早证据。开发了一种嵌套和综合的方法，该方法利用广泛的空间数据集来概述青铜器和铁器时代定居、水资源管理和区域防御系统的有意义的趋势。讨论了土库曼-卡拉霍于克地区中心对于重建公元前 13 世纪至 8 世纪早期国家政体的重要性。根据这一区域分析，初步认为，在青铜时代晚期，土库曼-卡拉赫于克是塔尔乌塔什萨市的所在地，在穆瓦塔利二世统治期间曾短暂地成为赫梯首都。更放心的是，