The present paper explores the intersection between typological rarities, matter borrowing and pattern borrowing in the Gran Chaco of South America. In this region the only two living Zamucoan languages are spoken: Ayoreo and Chamacoco. Zamucoan has been for a long time in contact with the other languages of the area, in particular with the Guaycuruan and Mataguayan families. I analyze some rare features of Zamucoan, which developed through language contact or spread to neighboring languages. The reconstruction of Proto-Zamucoan permits us to understand better what has happened in terms of contact, or to figure out the development of rare characteristics involved in language contact: an example is Chamacoco clusivity, introduced via pattern borrowing. The formation of the Chamacoco first person plural exclusive is unusual; in addition, the pronominal system has acquired a split between a plural and a ‘greater plural’, a pattern borrowing from Nivaĉle (Mataguayan). Some features spread from Chamacoco to Kadiwéu (Guaycuruan), two languages with a well-documented story of contact. These are: (i) The affix order in the third person plural of Chamacoco verbs, where number prefix precedes person prefix; (ii) The marking of gender and number of possessive classifiers, found in the Kadiwéu classifier for domestic animals. Other unusual features discussed here are voiceless nasals, para-hypotaxis and traces of egophoricity.

中文翻译：

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南美格兰查科的物质借用，模式借用和类型稀有性

本文探讨了南美格兰查科地区类型稀有性，物质借用和模式借用之间的交集。在该地区，只有Zamucoan仅有的两种母语会被使用：阿约雷奥语和查马科克语。Zamucoan与该地区的其他语言（特别是与Guaycuruan和Mataguayan家族）保持了很长时间的联系。我分析Zamucoan的一些罕见功能，这些功能是通过语言接触而发展或传播到相邻语言的。原始Zamucoan的重构使我们可以更好地了解接触方面发生的事情，或者弄清语言接触中所涉及的稀有特征的发展：例如，通过模式借用引入的Chamacoco聚拢性。Chamacoco第一人称复数专用的形成不寻常；此外，代词系统已经从Nivaĉle（马塔圭）借用了一个复数形式和一个“更大的复数形式”。一些功能从Chamacoco传播到Kadiwéu（Guaycuruan），这两种语言都有详尽的联系故事。它们是：（i）Chamacoco动词的第三人称复数形式的词缀顺序，其中数字前缀在人称前缀之前；（ii）在Kadiwéu家畜分类器中发现的性别和所有格分类器的数量。这里讨论的其他不寻常的特征是无声的鼻音，超顺从性和雌性的痕迹。（i）Chamacoco动词的第三人称复数形式的词缀顺序，其中数字前缀位于人的前缀之前；（ii）在Kadiwéu家畜分类器中发现的性别和所有格分类器的数量。这里讨论的其他不寻常的特征是无声的鼻音，超顺从性和雌性的痕迹。（i）Chamacoco动词的第三人称复数形式的词缀顺序，其中数字前缀位于人的前缀之前；（ii）在Kadiwéu家畜分类器中发现的性别和所有格分类器的数量。这里讨论的其他不寻常的特征是无声的鼻音，超顺从性和雌性的痕迹。