class position that determines his pastoral, particularly with regard to the represen ta tion of workers, with a detailed account of how the terms “peasant” and “Hodge” connote certain attitudes toward the countryside and those who work in it. The chapter concludes by arguing that Hardy’s use of firstperson narration disturbs the tranquility of the rural world, which, in turn, unsettles his largely urban, middleclass readership. Chapter 4 considers the effects of modernity and how Hardy’s poetry is particularly well placed to evoke and question the ideological functions of the pastoral impulse under the relations of industrial capitalism. I explore the operations of the pastoral in the construction of early twentiethcentury En glish national identity, particularly at times of war, during which a distinctive “pastoral patriotism” is constructed. Fi nally, I return to the fundamental pastoral signifiers of the shepherd and the contrast between country and city, a seemingly simple opposition that hides a complex matrix of relations. Throughout, I endeavor to do what I argue Hardy does in his poetry; that is, to complicate the pastoral in a straightforward way.

中文翻译：

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杰拉德·曼利·霍普金斯

阶级地位决定了他的牧民，特别是关于工人的代表，详细说明了“农民”和“霍奇”这两个词如何暗示对农村和在那里工作的人的某些态度。本章最后认为哈代使用第一人称叙述扰乱了乡村世界的宁静，这反过来又使他的主要城市中产阶级读者感到不安。第四章考虑了现代性的影响，以及哈代的诗歌如何特别适合唤起和质疑工业资本主义关系下田园冲动的意识形态功能。我探索了田园在 20 世纪早期英国民族认同建设中的作用，特别是在战争时期，在此期间，一种独特的“田园爱国主义”被构建起来。最后，我回到牧羊人的基本田园能指以及乡村与城市之间的对比，看似简单的对立，隐藏着复杂的关系矩阵。在整个过程中，我努力做我认为哈代在他的诗歌中所做的事情；也就是说，以一种直截了当的方式使田园复杂化。