In the Nordic countries, Martin Luther’s doctrine of the three estates (ecclesia, oeconomia, politia) has significantly shaped social imaginaries about what makes a society workable and proficient for its citizens. While already Luther used the idea of the household (oeconomia) as a third zone between civil government (politia) and church (ecclesia), Danish-Norwegian receptions of Luther’s concept of oeconomia emphasized the mutual obligations between superiors and subordinates. Arguably, the parental expectation to the worldly government in early Nordic Lutheranism—together with the institutionalization of school education, public healthcare, and care for the poor—constitute a background condition for the emergence of Nordic welfare states in the twentieth century.

中文翻译：

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从经济到北欧福利社会

在北欧国家，马丁·路德的三个等级（ecclesia、oeconomia、politia）学说极大地塑造了关于什么使社会对其公民可行和熟练的社会想象。虽然路德已经将家庭（经济）的概念用作公民政府（政治）和教会（教会）之间的第三个区域，但丹麦-挪威对路德的经济概念的接受强调了上级和下级之间的相互义务。可以说，早期北欧路德教中父母对世俗政府的期望——连同学校教育、公共医疗和穷人关怀的制度化——构成了 20 世纪北欧福利国家出现的背景条件。