In what is today known as Odisha and in its adjoining areas, the closing centuries of the first millennium ce and beyond were marked by the shift from usual kingdoms to larger and more complex state systems, spread over several subregions/regions (maṇḍalas). The socio-economic and cultural processes—ranging from agrarian growth and the rise of markets, merchants and towns to the shaping of a region-specific caste system and vernacular language and literature—which sustained these political developments and the new requirements such as the elaboration in the structure of administration and legitimation constitute the subject matter of this article. The transregional states under discussion are somewhat comparable with imperial formations insofar as they were conquest states and perpetuated unevenness and differences between spaces, peoples and cultures across the constituent spatial segments. However, in terms of their territorial dimensions and resources, they fell short of the empires and therefore may be seen to be located between the usual kingdoms and celebrated empires.

中文翻译：

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从王国到跨地区国家：探索前现代奥里萨邦的国家形成动力

在今天称为奥里萨邦（Odisha）的地区及其毗邻地区，第一个千禧年及以后的几个世纪的结束标志着从通常的王国向更大，更复杂的国家体系的转变，这些体系遍及几个子区域/地区（马拉）。社会经济和文化进程-从农业增长，市场，商人和城镇的兴起到特定区域种姓制度和白话语言和文学的形成-维持了这些政治发展和诸如拟订的新要求在行政管理和合法性结构中构成本文的主题。所讨论的跨地区国家在某种程度上可以与帝国形态相提并论，因为它们是征服国家，并且长期存在着不平和空间之间的差异，各个组成部分的民族和文化。但是，就其领土规模和资源而言，它们没有达到帝国的水平，因此可以认为它们位于通常的王国和著名的帝国之间。