This article seeks to trace the journey of the state in South India under the Cōļas. They begin as chiefs in a relatively undifferentiated society. It was the proximity of the kinsmen with the chiefs or otherwise that determined the relative status of different sections of society and not differentiation on account of unequal access to resources and surplus at this stage. However, changes in the means and relations of production, especially the introduction of non-kin labour for purposes of agricultural production, brought about major changes in the social order. This changed order required the institution of the state, and the emergence of the Cōļa kingdom in the Kāvēri valley can be shown as a response to this demand. Further elaboration and refinement enabled the Cōļa state to graduate to the level of an empire; but since the parts too were coming of age, this empire fell apart in about a century. By the close of the thirteenth century, the Cōļa kingdom fell prey to the Hoysala invasions and became already a thing of the past, but with vivid memories recounted in legend and song.

中文翻译：

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从酋长国到王国和帝国：南印度的国家轨迹

本文旨在追溯科阿斯（Cōļas）下印度南部国家的历程。他们开始是一个相对未分化的社会的酋长。正是亲戚与酋长的亲密关系决定了社会不同阶层的相对地位，而不是由于现阶段获取资源的不平等和剩余而导致的分化。但是，生产资料和生产关系的变化，特别是为农业生产目的引进非亲属劳动，带来了社会秩序的重大变化。这种变化的秩序要求国家建立机构，卡瓦里山谷中库阿王国的出现可以作为对这种需求的回应。进一步的完善和完善使库萨州升格为帝国。但是由于各个部分也都在逐渐成熟，这个帝国在大约一个世纪后瓦解了。到13世纪末，科阿王国已成为霍萨拉（Hoysala）入侵的猎物，已经成为过去，但在传奇和歌曲中却留下了生动的回忆。