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Book Review: David W. Gill and David Lovekin (eds), Political Illusion and Reality: Engaging the Prophetic Insights of Jacques Ellul
Studies in Christian Ethics ( IF 0.3 ) Pub Date : 2020-08-13 , DOI: 10.1177/0953946820942731d
Peter Anderson 1
Affiliation  

Asserting that Christians should both resist and accept death serves as Duff’s theological centerpiece. The resulting moral challenge is to discern when resistance should give way to acceptance. This provides, I think, an excellent starting point, but it is a point that Duff does not move beyond. There is little subsequent development on what faithful resistance and acceptance might mean or entail, and therefore little, if any, guidance for discerning when the time has come for acceptance to trump resistance. Presumably if the dying patient is bereft of the wise counsel of physicians, friends, and fellow believers, then all she has for guidance on when to cross this divide is her subjective wishes and best guesses, a combination that may or may not inspire a faithful decision. This lack of specific counsel on Duff’s part may also account, in part, for her reluctance to make any normative claims regarding the process of death and dying. Ultimately everything turns on the preferences of the dying patient, which means that Duff cannot describe what a good Christian death might entail, other than its personal meaning to the one dying. Most troubling, however, is that although Duff insists that she is promoting faithful end-of-life decisions by encouraging conversations among Christians, she ultimately defends the primacy of individual autonomy. This defense is particularly pronounced in respect of assisted suicide. As noted above, Duff asserts that for Christians their lives are not their own. Affirming this core belief is, she contends, compatible with assisted suicide or so-called death with dignity laws. The author assumes that terminal illness imposes indignities that make life not worth living. Yet she does not explain why such lives are not worth living or why they justify a recourse to assisted suicide. Rather, she observes that terminally ill patients have already lost much control over their lives and are exercising what little control remains in determining the time of their deaths. Assisted suicide offers the last remaining option for ‘controlling the situation: to choose when and how they will die instead of allowing the disease to make that choice for them, all the while robbing them of the pleasures of daily living’ (p. 50). To be fair, Duff does not insist that every terminally ill patient should opt for assisted suicide. It is an option on offer. For Christians, this means that choosing either for or against assisted suicide can be a faithful response, and in either instance it should be supported by fellow believers. Consequently, Duff is under no obligation to offer any moral guidance in making this decision. This is not surprising since she is also reticent to make any normative arguments for when resistance should give way to acceptance, or how this decision is in any way informed by Christian moral teaching or accountable to the church. In brief, she cannot describe to the reader what constitutes a good Christian death. Presumably, virtually any decision is faithful so long as it is made by an informed and sincere autonomous person who has conversed with other autonomous persons using a nominally Christian vocabulary.

中文翻译:

书评:大卫·W·吉尔和大卫·洛夫金(编辑),政治幻觉与现实:利用雅克·埃鲁的先知性洞察力

断言基督徒应该抵抗和接受死亡是达夫的神学核心。由此产生的道德挑战是辨别什么时候抵抗应该让位于接受。我认为,这提供了一个很好的起点,但达夫并没有超越这一点。关于忠实的抵抗和接受可能意味着什么或意味着什么,几乎没有后续的发展,因此,即使有的话,也没有什么指导可以辨别何时是接受战胜抵抗的时候。大概如果垂死的病人没有医生、朋友和信徒同工的明智建议,那么她在何时跨越这个鸿沟的指导就是她的主观愿望和最好的猜测,这些组合可能会也可能不会激励一个忠实的信徒决定。达夫缺乏具体的顾问也可能部分原因是,因为她不愿就死亡和临终的过程做出任何规范性的声明。最终,一切都取决于临终病人的偏好,这意味着达夫无法描述一个好的基督徒死亡可能会带来什么,除了它对临终者的个人意义。然而,最令人不安的是,尽管达夫坚持通过鼓励基督徒之间的对话来促进忠实的临终决定,但她最终还是捍卫了个人自主权的首要地位。这种辩护在协助自杀方面尤为明显。如上所述,达夫断言,对于基督徒来说,他们的生活不是他们自己的。她认为,肯定这一核心信念与协助自杀或所谓的有尊严的死亡法相容。作者假设绝症会造成侮辱,使生命不值得过。然而,她没有解释为什么这样的生活不值得过,或者为什么他们有理由求助于协助自杀。相反,她观察到绝症患者已经对他们的生活失去了很大的控制权,并且在确定他们的死亡时间方面几乎没有控制权。协助自杀提供了“控制局势:选择他们何时以及如何死亡,而不是让疾病为他们做出选择,同时剥夺他们日常生活的乐趣”(第 50 页) . 公平地说,达夫并不坚持每个绝症患者都应该选择辅助自杀。这是一个选项。对于基督徒来说,这意味着选择支持或反对协助自杀可以是一种忠实的回应,无论哪种情况,都应该得到其他信徒的支持。因此,Duff 没有义务在做出此决定时提供任何道德指导。这并不奇怪,因为她也不愿就什么时候抵抗应该让位于接受,或者这个决定如何以任何方式受到基督教道德教义的影响或对教会负责的问题提出任何规范性论点。简而言之,她无法向读者描述什么是好的基督徒死亡。据推测,几乎任何决定都是忠实的,只要它是由一个知情和真诚的自主人做出的,他使用名义上的基督教词汇与其他自主的人交谈过。在任何一种情况下,它都应该得到信徒同工的支持。因此,Duff 没有义务在做出此决定时提供任何道德指导。这并不奇怪,因为她也不愿就什么时候抵抗应该让位于接受,或者这个决定如何以任何方式受到基督教道德教义的影响或对教会负责的问题提出任何规范性论点。简而言之,她无法向读者描述什么是好的基督徒死亡。据推测,几乎任何决定都是忠实的,只要它是由一个知情且真诚的自主人做出的,他使用名义上的基督教词汇与其他自主的人交谈过。在任何一种情况下,它都应该得到信徒同工的支持。因此,Duff 没有义务在做出此决定时提供任何道德指导。这并不奇怪,因为她也不愿就什么时候抵抗应该让位于接受,或者这个决定如何以任何方式受到基督教道德教义的影响或对教会负责的问题提出任何规范性论点。简而言之,她无法向读者描述什么是好的基督徒死亡。据推测,几乎任何决定都是忠实的,只要它是由一个知情和真诚的自主人做出的,他使用名义上的基督教词汇与其他自主的人交谈过。这并不奇怪,因为她也不愿就什么时候抵抗应该让位于接受,或者这个决定如何以任何方式受到基督教道德教导的影响或对教会负责的问题提出任何规范性论点。简而言之,她无法向读者描述什么是好的基督徒死亡。据推测,几乎任何决定都是忠实的,只要它是由一个知情和真诚的自主人做出的,他使用名义上的基督教词汇与其他自主的人交谈过。这并不奇怪,因为她也不愿就什么时候抵抗应该让位于接受,或者这个决定如何以任何方式受到基督教道德教义的影响或对教会负责的问题提出任何规范性论点。简而言之,她无法向读者描述什么是好的基督徒死亡。据推测,几乎任何决定都是忠实的,只要它是由一个知情和真诚的自主人做出的,他使用名义上的基督教词汇与其他自主的人交谈过。
更新日期:2020-08-13
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