Immigration has been the focus of much contention in the United States in recent years. Indeed, concerns persist with regard to how the foreign-born will adapt and integrate into U.S. society and core institutions, including the economy and labor market. Despite the considerable insights of prior research, however, our understanding of contemporary racial/ethnic stratification remains limited, especially in terms of how race/ethnicity and sex intersect with immigrant status. Using pooled 2012–2016 American Community Survey data, we investigate wage differences and near-poverty status by race/ethnicity, sex, and nativity (among full-time, full-year workers) in five dynamic majority-minority U.S. labor markets and high-volume immigrant destinations (Atlanta, Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, and New York City). Findings demonstrate that assimilative and human capital attributes matter. Yet our analyses reveal discernible group-level inequalities suggestive of depressed mobility, blocked opportunity, and race/ethnic- and sex-based hierarchy—patterns that highlight the embedded character of assimilation and economic outcomes within contexts of constraint. We find significant inter- and intragroup variation in these regards—particularly for near-poverty. We discuss our findings in light of their empirical and theoretical implications toward understanding minority group incorporation and economic inequality.

中文翻译：

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在十字路口：种族，性别和诞生相交处的经济等级制度和困境

近年来，移民问题一直是美国争论的焦点。的确，关于外国出生的人如何适应和融入美国社会以及包括经济和劳动力市场在内的核心机构的担忧仍然存在。尽管有先前研究的大量见识，但是，我们对当代种族/族裔分层的理解仍然有限，尤其是在种族/族裔和性别与移民身份如何相交方面。使用汇总的2012-2016年美国社区调查数据，我们在五个充满活力的少数族裔美国劳动力市场和高收入劳动力市场中，按种族/民族，性​​别和出生率（在全职，成年工人中）调查了工资差异和近乎贫困的状况大量的移民目的地（亚特兰大，芝加哥，休斯顿，洛杉矶和纽约）。研究结果表明同化和人力资本属性至关重要。然而，我们的分析揭示了可辨别的群体层面的不平等现象，表明了行动不便，机会受阻以及基于种族/族裔和性别的等级制度。这种模式突出了同质性和经济结果在约束条件下的内在特征。我们发现这些方面的群体间和群体内差异很大，尤其是在近乎贫困的情况下。我们根据研究结果对理解少数群体并入和经济不平等的经验和理论意义来讨论我们的发现。以及基于种族/族裔和性别的等级制度-强调约束条件下同化和经济成果的内在特征的模式。我们发现这些方面的群体间和群体内差异很大，尤其是在近乎贫困的情况下。我们根据研究结果对理解少数群体并入和经济不平等的经验和理论意义来讨论我们的发现。以及基于种族/族裔和性别的等级制度-强调约束条件下同化和经济成果的内在特征的模式。我们发现这些方面的群体间和群体内差异很大，尤其是在近乎贫困的情况下。我们根据研究结果对理解少数群体并入和经济不平等的经验和理论意义来讨论我们的发现。