ABSTRACT The objective of this collection of essays is to gain insights into the different national-level state responses to COVID-19 around the world and the conditions that shaped them. The pandemic offers a natural experiment wherein the policy problem governments faced was the same but the responses they made were different, creating opportunities for comparison of both the kinds of policy tools being used and the factors that accounted for their choice. Accordingly, after surveying on-line databases of policy tools used in the pandemic and subjecting these to topic modelling to reveal the characteristics of a ‘standard’ national pandemic response, we discuss the similarities and differences found in specific responses. This is done with reference to the nature and level of policy capacity of respective governments, highlighting the critical roles played by (in)adequate preparation and lesson-drawing from past experiences with similar outbreaks or crises. Taken together the articles show how the national responses to the COVID-19 pandemic were shaped by the opportunity and capacity each government had to learn from previous pandemics and their capacity to operationalize and build political support for the standard portfolio of policy measures deployed to deal with the crisis. However, they also show how other factors such as the nature of national leadership, the organization of government and civil society, and blindspots towards the vulnerabilities of certain population segments also helped to shape policy responses to the pandemic.

中文翻译：

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动员政策（内）能力抗击 COVID-19：了解各州应对措施的变化

摘要本论文集的目的是深入了解世界各地不同国家级的州对 COVID-19 的反应以及形成这些反应的条件。大流行提供了一个自然实验，其中政府面临的政策问题相同，但他们做出的反应却不同，这为比较正在使用的政策工具种类和决定其选择的因素创造了机会。因此，在调查了大流行中使用的政策工具的在线数据库并将这些数据库进行主题建模以揭示“标准”国家大流行应对措施的特征之后，我们讨论了在具体应对措施中发现的异同。这是参考各国政府的政策能力的性质和水平，强调（不）充分的准备和从过去类似爆发或危机的经验中吸取教训所发挥的关键作用。总而言之，这些文章显示了国家对 COVID-19 大流行的反应是如何受到每个政府必须从以前的大流行中学习的机会和能力以及它们为应对所部署的标准政策措施组合实施和建立政治支持的能力所塑造的。危机。然而，它们也展示了其他因素，如国家领导层的性质、政府和民间社会的组织，以及对某些人口群体脆弱性的盲点，也有助于形成对这一流行病的政策反应。总而言之，这些文章显示了国家对 COVID-19 大流行的反应是如何受到每个政府必须从以前的大流行中学习的机会和能力以及它们为应对所部署的标准政策措施组合实施和建立政治支持的能力所塑造的。危机。然而，它们也展示了其他因素，如国家领导层的性质、政府和民间社会的组织，以及对某些人口群体脆弱性的盲点，也有助于形成对这一流行病的政策反应。总而言之，这些文章显示了国家对 COVID-19 大流行的反应是如何受到每个政府必须从以前的大流行中学习的机会和能力以及它们为应对所部署的标准政策措施组合实施和建立政治支持的能力所塑造的。危机。然而，它们也展示了其他因素，如国家领导层的性质、政府和民间社会的组织，以及对某些人口群体脆弱性的盲点，也有助于形成对这一流行病的政策反应。