ABSTRACT This article focuses on how the Turkish state has been responding to limit the public health effects of COVID-19 pandemic to date. It aims to explain and understand the introduction, implementation and effect of health policy instrument mixes. It argues that although ‘presidentialisation’ of executive, and ‘presidential bureaucracy’ under presidential system of government are critical to introduce policies and implement their instrument mixes without delay or being vetoed or watered down which would otherwise occur in the parliamentary system of government, these features of impositional and exclusive policy style pose risks of policy design and implementation failures when the policy problems are poorly diagnosed, their policy solutions are wrong and/or complementary policy instrument mixes implemented ineffectively. However, a temporal, albeit temporary divergence from a dominant administrative tradition and policy style is most likely when a policy issue is esoteric (i.e. technical, scientific and expert-led) and framed as an existential crisis under high uncertainty that require scientific, expert-led, inclusive, early, quick and decisive responses to pressing policy problems.

中文翻译：

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土耳其国家对存在的 COVID-19 危机的反应

摘要本文重点介绍土耳其政府迄今为止如何应对限制 COVID-19 大流行对公共卫生的影响。它旨在解释和理解卫生政策工具组合的介绍、实施和效果。它认为，尽管行政部门的“总统化”和总统制政府体制下的“总统官僚机构”对于毫不拖延地引入政策和实施其工具组合至关重要，或者被否决或淡化，否则在议会制政府体制中会发生这种情况，但这些当政策问题诊断不力、政策解决方案错误和/或补充政策工具组合执行不力时，强加和排他性政策风格的特征会带来政策设计和实施失败的风险。然而，一个时间，