Research seeking to explain the perpetration of violence and atrocities by humans against other humans offers both social and individualistic explanations, which differ namely in the roles attributed to empathy. Prominent social models suggest that some manifestations of inter-human violence are caused by parochial attitudes (attitudes characterized by interests centred on one's own community) and obedience reinforced by within-group empathy. Individualistic explanations of violence, by contrast, posit that stable intra-individual characteristics of the brain and personality of some individuals lead them to commit violence and atrocities. An individualistic explanation argues that the chief cause of violence is the perpetrator’'s lack of empathy with the victim. To offer the rudiments of a critique of the individualistic approach, I critically examine a model stating that violence is caused by empathy erosion (Baron-Cohen 2011). Specifically, the discussion of the empathy-erosion model is applied to the case of honour-based violence (HBV), a type of violence known for its communal character. Building from prior enquiries into violence and social cognition, I argue that an empathy-erosion explanation of HBV is defective because it does not consider important cultural and historical enablers of violence. Finally, as an alternative to individualism, I propose a psychohistorical approach to HBV in the migration context. This alternative combines psychological and philosophical enquiry with historical and ethnographical analysis. The psychohistorical approach hypothesises that distinct processes of cultural learning of honour codes both scaffold HBV and modulate the perpetrators’ emotions and empathy.

中文翻译：

---

同情心，荣誉和暴力学徒：对个人主义邪恶科学的心理历史批判的雏形

试图解释人类对其他人类的暴力和暴行的行为的研究提供了社会和个人主义的解释，这两种解释的不同之处在于同情的作用。突出的社会模型表明，人际间暴力的某些表现是由狭attitude的态度（以个人社区为中心的利益为特征）和群体内的同理心所加强的服从。相比之下，对暴力的个人主义解释认为，某些人的大脑和个性的稳定的个体内部特征会导致他们犯下暴力和暴行。个人主义的解释认为，暴力的主要原因是施暴者对受害者缺乏同情。为了提供对个人主义方法的批判的基础，我批判性地考察了一个模型，该模型表明暴力是由同情侵蚀引起的（Baron-Cohen 2011）。具体来说，对共情侵蚀模型的讨论适用于基于荣誉的暴力（HBV），这是一种以社区特征闻名的暴力。从先前对暴力和社会认知的询问出发，我认为对HBV的同情侵蚀解释是有缺陷的，因为它没有考虑暴力的重要文化和历史推动因素。最后，作为个人主义的替代选择，我提出了一种在迁移背景下应对乙肝的心理历史方法。这种选择将心理和哲学探究与历史和人种学分析相结合。