This essay traces the mutating place of the anglican bishops within the house of lords to explore revolutionary changes in the relationship between religion, parliament and political pressure from the late 17th to the 20th centuries. After the Restoration, the lords spiritual reoccupied a contested position in the upper chamber as representatives of the clerical estate of the realm. During the 18th century, they began to act as representatives of the church's lay and clerical members. In the 19th century, they made a strong target for thwarted reformers and nonconformist pressure groups which resented the privileged place of these appointed legislators. However, by the 20th century we can detect an inclusive role for the bishops as conduits of spiritual pressure and ecumenical concerns in a legislature which might otherwise neglect those anxieties. These contortions, then, exemplify changing patterns of parliamentary pressure and the place of religion in politics. The essay concludes that the bishops’ evolving role demonstrates the permeability of legislative deliberations, where clerical legislators might claim a role as channels for extraparliamentary pressure and under‐represented interests rather than the continuing supremacy of the state church.

中文翻译：

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从压力下的遗产到精神压力小组：主教和议会

这篇文章追溯了英国圣公会主教在上议院中的变异位置，以探索 17 世纪末至 20 世纪宗教、议会和政治压力之间关系的革命性变化。复辟之后，神灵领主重新占据了上议院的一个有争议的位置，作为该领域神职人员的代表。在 18 世纪，他们开始充当教会的平信徒和神职人员的代表。在 19 世纪，他们为受挫的改革者和不墨守成规的压力团体制定了强有力的目标，这些团体对这些被任命的立法者的特权地位感到不满。然而，到了 20 世纪，我们可以发现主教在立法机构中作为精神压力和普世关注的管道的包容性角色，否则立法机构可能会忽视这些焦虑。因此，这些扭曲体现了议会压力的变化模式和宗教在政治中的地位。这篇文章的结论是，主教不断演变的角色证明了立法审议的渗透性，在这种情况下，神职立法者可能会声称自己的作用是作为议会外压力和代表不足的利益的渠道，而不是国家教会的持续至高无上的地位。