Abstract German sociologist Max Weber observes that the centralisation of administrative function is imperative to a stable nation state. Yet, despite this sovereign necessity, attempts at incorporating heterogeneous sociopolitical entities into a cohesive society eluded nineteenth- and early twentieth-century Afghanistan. Ahmad Shah Durrani is known as the father of Afghanistan. He bears this title because he unified a collection of tribes and established a pseudo-confederation of territories in 1747. However, the following two centuries were less constructive and subsequent state centralisation was fraught and ultimately fruitless for Afghanistan. Contemporaneous centralisation remains embryonic and strained by tribal clout. It is within this context that nineteenth- and twentieth-century Afghan amirs, khans, and kings attempted to modernise, centralise, and unify a consortium of conservative tribal microsocieties. Many of the same complications of the nineteenth and twentieth century continue to obfuscate modern Afghanistan.

中文翻译：

---

过去的审判：阿富汗国家集权的理论方法

摘要 德国社会学家马克斯·韦伯（Max Weber）观察到，行政职能的中央集权对于稳定的民族国家来说是必不可少的。然而，尽管有这种主权的必要性，19 世纪和 20 世纪初期的阿富汗未能将异质的社会政治实体纳入一个有凝聚力的社会。艾哈迈德沙阿杜拉尼被称为阿富汗之父。他之所以获得这个称号，是因为他在 1747 年统一了一批部落并建立了一个伪领土联盟。然而，接下来的两个世纪建设性较差，随后的国家集权对阿富汗来说充满了挑战，最终毫无结果。同时期的中央集权仍然处于萌芽状态，并受到部落影响力的限制。正是在这种背景下，19 世纪和 20 世纪的阿富汗埃米尔、可汗和国王试图实现现代化，集中并统一一个保守的部落微型社会联盟。许多 19 世纪和 20 世纪的复杂情况继续混淆现代阿富汗。