During the 19th century, Mexico was embroiled in social and economic turmoil. Faced with the same problems shared by many young nations, Mexico’s elite needed to find a way to rein in the chaos and create a unified, stable, and modern citizenry. Drawing on archival and archaeological data, this article explores the economic and social instability faced by rural landowners in central Mexico’s Valley of Atlixco and discusses a strategic solution to these problems. By examining changes in the architectural layout of the Hacienda San Miguel Acocotla, I demonstrate that rural landowners attempted to transform the very identities of their workers by implementing programs of modernization that not only affected their work habits, but also their home lives.

中文翻译：

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驯服混乱：十九世纪墨西哥的劳动、经济和社会

在 19 世纪，墨西哥卷入了社会和经济动荡。面对许多年轻国家面临的相同问题，墨西哥的精英们需要找到一种方法来控制混乱并建立一个统一、稳定和现代的公民。本文利用档案和考古数据，探讨了墨西哥中部 Atlixco 山谷农村土地所有者面临的经济和社会不稳定问题，并讨论了这些问题的战略解决方案。通过检查 Hacienda San Miguel Accotla 建筑布局的变化，我证明了农村土地所有者试图通过实施不仅影响他们的工作习惯而且影响他们的家庭生活的现代化计划来改变他们工人的身份。