Abstract The goal of the present study is to identify a novel paradigm of epistemic modal operator derived from disjunction. Our main data involves an inquisitive disjunction marker nka in Korean, the presence of which enhances a speaker’s epistemic uncertainty and forms a modalized question. We show how nka contributes the modal effects in question within a theory of nonveridicality. In particular, we propose that the prerequisite of nka are non-homogenous nonveridical states that are partitioned in equipoised epistemic spaces because of the absence in ranking between them. The distinct notions of disjunction, question, and possibility modals can thus be systematically captured under the framework of nonveridical equilibrium. The current analysis offers important insights into the relationship between the classes of nonveridical and modal ingredients involved in inquisitive disjunction: First, Korean facts importantly reveal that modalized questions do not form a uniform class with regular questions, since interrogative semantics alone cannot predict the epistemic uncertainty. Second, languages parameterize as to how they lexicalize the function of manipulating modal base. The implication of our findings is that disjunction needs to be recognized as a novel device for encoding a speaker’s weakest perspective on epistemic modality.

中文翻译：

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从疑问析取到非标准均衡：朝鲜语中的模态问题

摘要本研究的目的是确定从析取中得出的认知模态算子的新范式。我们的主要数据涉及一个朝鲜语问询型析取标记nka，该词的存在会增强说话者的认知不确定性，并形成一个模态问题。我们将展示nka如何在非垂直性理论内促进所讨论的模态效应。特别地，我们提出nka的先决条件是非均质的非垂直状态，它们由于在等位的认知空间之间没有等级而被划分。因此，可以在非垂直均衡的框架下系统地捕捉析取，问题和可能性模态的不同概念。当前的分析为探究析取关系中涉及的非标准成分和情态成分之间的关​​系提供了重要的见解：首先，韩国事实很重要地表明，模态问题不能与常规问题形成统一的类，因为疑问句语义本身无法预测认知不确定性。其次，语言对它们如何词汇化处理模态基础的功能进行了参数化。我们的发现的含义是，析取需要被视为一种编码说话者对认知情态最弱观点的新颖装置。语言对它们如何词汇化操作模态基础的功能进行参数化。我们的发现的含义是，分离需要被认为是一种编码说话者对认知情态最弱观点的新颖装置。语言对它们如何词汇化操作模态基础的功能进行参数化。我们的发现的含义是，分离需要被认为是一种编码说话者对认知情态最弱观点的新颖装置。