Abstract The complex and cross-linguistically uncommon phonological phenomenon of “emphasis” is best known from Central Semitic languages such as Arabic and Aramaic. It is, however, found to varying degrees in a number of non-Semitic languages in contact with Arabic. This paper describes how in Kumzari, an Indo-European language spoken around the Strait of Hormuz, uvular-pharyngeal emphasis has arisen through language contact and has proliferated through language-internal processes. Beginning with the retention of emphatic consonants in a direct, extensive lexification by Arabic dating back at least 1300 years, emphasis has progressively penetrated the language by means of lexical innovations and two types of sound changes in both borrowed and inherited vocabulary: (i) analogical spread of emphasis onto plain but potentially emphatic consonants; and (ii) a sound change in which z has been invariably recast as an emphatic ẓ with no plain counterpart. The role of the back consonants w, x, q and ḥ, which induce emphasis on potentially emphatic consonants in diachronic processes but not synchronically, highlights the unique way in which this complex phenomenon operates in one non-Semitic language in contact with Arabic.

中文翻译：

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阿拉伯语以外的主音辅音：Kumzari中小舌咽重音的出现和扩散

摘要复杂的，跨语言的，不常见的“强调”语音现象是从中央闪族语种（例如阿拉伯语和阿拉姆语）中广为人知的。但是，在与阿拉伯语接触的多种非犹太语言中，发现程度不同。本文描述了在霍尔木兹海峡周围使用印欧语的库姆扎里语中，小舌咽的重音是通过语言接触而产生的，并通过语言内部的过程而激增。从将重音辅音保留在至少1300年之前的阿拉伯语直接，广泛的词汇化中开始，通过词汇创新和借用和继承词汇的两种声音变化，重点逐渐渗透到语言中：（i）类比将重点分散到普通但潜在的辅音上；（ii）声音变化，其中z始终被重铸为强调ẓ，没有明显的对应物。后辅音w，x，q和role的作用引起历时过程中对潜在加重辅音的强调，但并不同步，突出了这种复杂现象以一种非犹太语言与阿拉伯语接触的独特方式。