Abstract Changes in the productivity of word-formation patterns are often investigated using hapax legomena. In this paper, I argue that at least in diachronic investigations of productivity, a measure based on first attestations is a viable alternative to hapax-based measures. I show that such a measure is a more direct proxy to new words than hapax-based measures – it measures what we want to measure, which is not always true for the latter. I present a method that deals with the common problem of varying subcorpus sizes (I suggest we randomly resample the subcorpora up to a predefined size), and to the problem of old words appearing as new at the start of the corpus (I suggest we take an earlier corpus and determine a point in time when almost all old words have registered). Armed with these instruments, we can determine the ratio of new types to existing types for a time span, which can be regarded as the renewal rate of the respective category.

中文翻译：

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构词模式生产力的变化：一些方法论上的评论

摘要人们经常用hapax legomena来研究构词模式生产力的变化。在本文中，我认为至少在历时性的生产力研究中，基于首次证明的措施是一种替代基于hapax的措施的可行选择。我证明，与基于hapax的量度相比，这种量度是新词的更直接代理-它量度了我们要测量的量，后者并不总是正确的。我提出了一种解决子集大小变化的常见问题的方法（我建议我们将子集随机重新采样到预定大小），以及解决旧词在词集开始时显得很新的问题（我建议我们采用较早的语料库，并确定几乎所有旧词都已注册的时间点）。有了这些乐器，