While it is well known that processes of contact-driven language change are sensitive to socio-cultural factors, the question of whether these apply differently among hunter-gatherers and agriculturalists has engendered considerable debate. These dynamics have been particularly underexplored in the Amazon basin, where high linguistic diversity has until very recently been coupled with a dearth of quality documentation. This investigation undertakes a systematic assessment of the effects of contact on fourteen languages (representing six distinct language families/isolates), spoken by northern Amazonian peoples whose subsistence practices all involve a relative emphasis on hunting and gathering. The effects of contact are assessed via an extensive survey of lexical and grammatical data from nearly a hundred languages of this region, and take into account lexical borrowing, Wanderwort distributions, and grammatical convergence. This comparative approach indicates that most Amazonian foraging-focused peoples have been heavily involved in regional interactive networks over time, as have their more horticulture-dominant neighbors, but that the linguistic effects of contact are variable across subsistence pattern. While subsistence thus does not appear to be correlated with the degree of contact-driven change experienced by the languages of this region, it is, on the other hand, a strong predictor of the direction of influence, which favors a unidirectional farmer-to-forager linguistic transmission.

中文翻译：

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生存模式和接触驱动的语言变化

众所周知，接触驱动的语言变化过程对社会文化因素敏感，但这些问题在狩猎采集者和农业工作者之间是否适用不同的问题引发了广泛的争论。这些动态在亚马逊流域尤其未被充分开发，那里直到现在，语言多样性仍然很高，而且缺乏高质量的文档。这项调查系统地评估了北部亚马逊人所说的十四种语言（代表六种不同的语言家族/孤立语）的接触影响，他们的生活习惯都相对强调狩猎和采集。通过对该地区近百种语言的词汇和语法数据进行的广泛调查，评估了接触的效果，并考虑词汇借用，Wanderwort分布和语法收敛。这种比较方法表明，随着时间的流逝，大多数亚马逊地区以觅食为重点的人们以及他们以园艺为主导的邻居都大量参与了区域互动网络，但是接触的语言效果在不同的生存模式中是可变的。因此，虽然维持生计似乎与该地区的语言所经历的接触驱动的变化程度无关，但另一方面，它是影响方向的有力预测指标，有利于从农民到农民的单向发展。前言的语言传播。这种比较方法表明，随着时间的流逝，大多数亚马逊地区以觅食为重点的人们以及他们以园艺为主导的邻居都大量参与了区域互动网络，但是接触的语言效果在不同的生存模式中是可变的。因此，尽管维持生计似乎与该地区语言所经历的接触驱动的变化程度无关，但另一方面，它却是影响方向的有力预测指标，有利于从农民到农民的单向发展。前言的语言传播。这种比较方法表明，随着时间的流逝，大多数亚马逊地区以觅食为重点的人们以及他们以园艺为主导的邻居都大量参与了区域互动网络，但是接触的语言效果在不同的生存模式中是可变的。因此，虽然维持生计似乎与该地区的语言所经历的接触驱动的变化程度无关，但另一方面，它是影响方向的有力预测指标，有利于从农民到农民的单向发展。前言的语言传播。