Abstract:For most of the Chosŏn dynasty (1392–1910), Koreans ranked the countries and peoples in their neighborhood on a scale from civilized to barbarian, with the more Confucianized ranking higher than the less Confucianized. Using that scale, they put the Ryūkyū kingdom ahead of Japan, and Tshushima below both of them. Tasan Chŏng Yagyong (1762–1836) accepted both that equation of civilization with Confucianization and that ranking. However, he was impressed by the level of Confucian writing in Tokugawa Japan and moved Japan a little closer to the perceived cultural level of the Ryūkyū kingdom than most of his fellow Korean Confucians did.

中文翻译：

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儒家与文明：郑雅琼对日本、琉球和对马岛的看法

摘要：在朝鲜王朝（1392-1910）的大部分时间里，朝鲜人按照从文明到蛮夷的等级对邻国和民族进行排名，儒化程度高的排名高于儒化程度低的排名。使用这种规模，他们将琉球王国置于日本之前，将对马岛置于两者之下。Tasan Chŏng Yagyong (1762–1836) 接受了文明与儒家化的等式和排名。然而，他对德川日本的儒家写作水平印象深刻，使日本比他的大多数韩国儒家同胞更接近琉球王国的文化水平。