In Raymond Chandler’s The Little Sister (1949), private detective Philip Marlowe is more morose and more disillusioned with his surroundings than ever. Marlowe’s melancholia is a direct result of his relationship to his environment. His perpetual fixation on and revulsion for Los Angeles—particularly his lingering inability to separate his own identity from the city in which he lives and works—leads to internal isolation and a temporary loss of self. This self-imposed social exile makes Marlowe the modernist hero of The Little Sister. It also illustrates a particular characteristic of urban modernity in which the individual is both bound to and at odds with his surroundings. Marlowe is only able to regain his sense of self when he rights his relationship to his environment—that is, when he is able to separate self from setting. Chandler’s novel demonstrates the damaging effects of place attachment, thus undermining the basic tenets of the environmental psychology concept of place-identity. But reading Marlowe’s relationship to Los Angeles through the theoretical lens of environmental psychology also has significant implications for the new modernist studies because it suggests that the spatial and psychological—not only the temporal and cultural—boundaries of modernism are still permeable.

中文翻译：

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现代主义好莱坞：在雷蒙德·钱德勒的小妹妹中放置依恋

在雷蒙德·钱德勒的《小妹妹》（1949 年）中，私家侦探菲利普·马洛比以往任何时候都更加郁闷，对周围的环境更加失望。马洛的忧郁症是他与环境关系的直接结果。他对洛杉矶的永久迷恋和厌恶——尤其是他挥之不去的无法将自己的身份与他生活和工作的城市分开——导致了内心的孤立和暂时的自我丧失。这种自我强加的社会流放使马洛成为《小妹妹》中的现代主义英雄。它还说明了城市现代性的一个特殊特征，在这种特征中，个人既与周围环境有关，又与周围环境不一致。马洛只有在他纠正与环境的关系时才能重新获得自我意识——也就是说，当他能够将自我与环境分开时。钱德勒的小说展示了地方依恋的破坏性影响，从而破坏了地方认同的环境心理学概念的基本原则。但是，通过环境心理学的理论视角解读马洛与洛杉矶的关系对新现代主义研究也具有重要意义，因为它表明现代主义的空间和心理——不仅是时间和文化——边界仍然是可渗透的。