Late nineteenth-century Egypt was a key site for the development of international lawyers and international law. It was a site of experiment with forms of imperial law suited to informal empire. The work of Nubar Pasha during the 1860s and 1870s to establish the Mixed Tribunals was a remarkable early experiment in international institution-building.1 Because Egypt was not subject to the direct and explicit sovereignty of either the Ottoman or the British empires, its multinational mixed courts tended to attract foreign legal workers pursuing careers outside of imperial government. As a result, Egypt became a training ground for international lawyers and a place where they could enrich themselves early in their careers. It was also a labour market entrepot: when the King of Siam needed a legal advisor in the 1890s, for example, he looked to Harvard and to Cairo.2 If turn-of-the-century Egypt was a hotspot for foreign-born lawyers, the legal profession was equally important for Arabic-speaking local subjects. Law was one of the classic professions for members of the effendi class, ‘subject[s]

中文翻译：

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没有国际公法的国际律师：奥斯曼帝国晚期的案例

十九世纪末，埃及是国际律师和国际法发展的重要基地。这是一个实验场所，以适用于非正规帝国的帝国法形式出现。努巴·帕夏（Nubar Pasha）在1860年代和1870年代建立混合法庭的工作是在国际制度建设中的一项杰出的早期试验。1因为埃及既不受奥斯曼帝国或大英帝国的直接和明确主权的管辖，其跨国混合法院倾向于吸引在帝国政府之外从事职业的外国法律工作者。结果，埃及成为国际律师的训练场，也是他们可以在职业生涯早期充实自己的地方。这也是劳动力市场的转口处：例如，暹罗国王在1890年代需要法律顾问时，他看了哈佛大学和开罗大学。2如果世纪之交的埃及是外国出生的律师的热点，那么法律职业对讲阿拉伯语的当地人同样重要。法律是effendi类成员的经典职业之一，“主题”