This paper discusses the problem of resumptive pronouns in Polish object relative clauses introduced by the relative marker co. It does so through the use of corpus data, thus contributing to previous literature, which has been largely based on introspection. In the literature, different accounts vary significantly as to the basic question of when the resumptive pronoun is expected. The present study addresses this matter by means of qualitative and quantitative analysis of conversational spoken Polish—the language variety in which co relatives typically occur. As is shown, the relatives are used in two broad configurations—unmarked (with null resumptives and inanimate referents) and marked (with overt resumptives and human referents). Both scenarios are linked to distinct strategies of case recovery. The presence of the pronoun itself is one such strategy. In contrast, the omission of the pronoun is often accompanied by case-matching effects that facilitate the omission. Another typical property of co relatives is their preference for encoding definiteness of referents, whereby który clauses tend to signal indefiniteness. This is evidenced by the frequent cooccurrence of co clauses with head-internal demonstratives. Interestingly, these head-internal demonstratives can also render resumptive pronouns unnecessary, thus constituting another factor relevant in resumption.

中文翻译：

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波兰语共同关系从句中的恢复代词

本文讨论了由关系标记co.引入的波兰语宾语关系从句中的续用代词问题。它通过使用语料库数据来做到这一点，从而对以前主要基于内省的文献做出贡献。在文献中，关于何时预期恢复代词的基本问题，不同的解释有很大差异。本研究通过对波兰语会话的定性和定量分析来解决这个问题 - 亲戚通常出现的语言变体。如图所示，亲属在两种广泛的配置中使用 - 未标记（具有无效的恢复和无生命的所指）和标记（具有明显的恢复和人类所指）。这两种情况都与不同的病例恢复策略有关。代词本身的存在就是这样一种策略。相比之下，代词的省略通常伴随着促进省略的大小写匹配效果。关联词的另一个典型属性是他们偏爱对所指对象的确定性进行编码，从而 który 子句倾向于表示不确定性。co从句与中心词内部指示词的频繁同时出现证明了这一点。有趣的是，这些头部内部指示词也可以使恢复代词变得不必要，从而构成与恢复相关的另一个因素。co从句与中心词内部指示词的频繁同时出现证明了这一点。有趣的是，这些头部内部指示词也可以使恢复代词变得不必要，从而构成与恢复相关的另一个因素。co从句与中心词内部指示词的频繁同时出现证明了这一点。有趣的是，这些头部内部指示词也可以使恢复代词变得不必要，从而构成与恢复相关的另一个因素。