This article explores a central current of religious doubt in the West, from Sebastian Castellio in the sixteenth century to Ludwig Feuerbach in the nineteenth. It argues that theologies of arbitrary judgment - chiefly Augustinian - have served as a major stimulus to scepticism and doubt in the modern era. The claim is that philosophical suspicion that the God of orthodoxy is an invention rests on a set of ethical intuitions, mostly Christian, leading to the apparent paradox that many of the fiercest critics of Christianity have listed Jesus Christ among their intellectual sources. Such an alignment, it is argued, cannot be regarded as purely tactical, even in Enlightenment figures such as Baruch Spinoza and Voltaire. If, as can be shown, religious reasoning was so central to the psychology of radical criticism and doubt, it may be time to drop the terminology of "secularisation" altogether.

中文翻译：

---

耶稣和奥古斯丁：恐怖之神和欧洲怀疑的根源

本文探讨了西方宗教怀疑的中心潮流，从 16 世纪的塞巴斯蒂安卡斯特利奥到 19 世纪的路德维希费尔巴哈。它认为，武断判断的神学——主要是奥古斯丁的——是现代怀疑主义和怀疑主义的主要刺激因素。声称正统的上帝是一项发明的哲学怀疑取决于一套伦理直觉，主要是基督教，导致明显的悖论，即许多最激烈的基督教批评者都将耶稣基督列为他们的知识来源。有人认为，即使在巴鲁克·斯宾诺莎 (Baruch Spinoza) 和伏尔泰 (Voltaire) 等启蒙运动人物中，这种对齐也不能被视为纯粹的战术。如果可以证明，宗教推理对激进批评和怀疑的心理学如此重要，