Orthopedic surgery, the medical discipline that deals with diseases and injuries of the musculoskeletal system has been considered a distinct medical discipline in the west since the beginning of the twentieth century. However, in Turkey, the acceptance of musculoskeletal traumatology as an integral part of orthopedic surgery actualized as late as 1961. Previously, orthopedic trauma patients were usually treated in general surgery departments. Dr. Burhaneddin Toker, a true pioneer, changed this conduct of the time in Turkey. He transformed Cerrahpaşa Hospital, then a municipality hospital today the well-known Cerrahpaşa Medical School of Istanbul University, to a trauma center. He pioneered systematic surgery of the musculoskeletal injuries, created a separate service for musculoskeletal traumatology, trained many surgeons in this field, wrote textbooks, and reported his clinical experience in scientific publications. This study examines the biography of Burhaneddin Toker and how he was able to further medical training in Turkey with a focus on Turkey in the stormy 1930s, the way the young republican government under Atatürk's leadership handled educational issues, and the refugee scientists who found a safe haven in Turkey fleeing Nazism.

中文翻译：

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土耳其开创性的骨科创伤手术：Burhaneddin Toker (1890–1951)、1930 年代的暴风雨和逃离纳粹主义的难民

骨科是一门处理肌肉骨骼系统疾病和损伤的医学学科，自二十世纪初以来，在西方就被认为是一门独特的医学学科。然而，在土耳其，直到 1961 年才开始接受肌肉骨骼创伤学作为骨科手术的一个组成部分。以前，骨科创伤患者通常在普通外科接受治疗。Burhaneddin Toker 博士，一位真正的先驱，改变了土耳其当时的这种行为。他将 Cerrahpaşa 医院（今天是伊斯坦布尔大学著名的 Cerrahpaşa 医学院）改造成创伤中心。他开创了肌肉骨骼损伤的系统外科手术，创建了肌肉骨骼创伤学的单独服务，培训了该领域的许多外科医生，编写教科书，并在科学出版物中报告了他的临床经验。这项研究考察了布尔哈内丁·托克 (Burhaneddin Toker) 的传记，以及他如何能够在 1930 年代的风暴中继续在土耳其进行医学培训，关注阿塔图尔克领导下的年轻共和政府处理教育问题的方式，以及发现安全的难民科学家土耳其逃离纳粹主义的避风港。