This study tests the effect of multilingualism and language contact on consonant perception. Here, we explore the emergence of phonological stratification using two alternative forced-choice (2AFC) identification task experiments to test listener perception of stop voicing with contrasting minimal pairs modified along a 10-step continuum. We examine a unique language ecology consisting of three languages spoken in Northern Territory, Australia: Roper Kriol (an English-lexifier creole language), Gurindji (Pama-Nyungan), and Gurindji Kriol (a mixed language derived from Gurindji and Kriol). In addition, this study focuses on three distinct age groups: children (group I, 8>), preteens to middle-aged adults (group II, 10-58), and older adults (group III, 65+). Results reveal that both Kriol and Gurindji Kriol listeners in group II contrast the labial series [p] and [b]. Contrarily, while alveolar [t] and velar [k] were consistently identifiable by the majority of participants (74%), their voiced counterparts ([d] and [g]) showed random response patterns by 61% of the participants. Responses to the voiced stimuli from the preteen-adult Kriol group were, however, significantly more consistent than in the Gurindji Kriol group, suggesting Kriol listeners may be further along in acquiring the voicing contrast. Significant results regarding listener exposure to Standard English in both language groups also suggests constant exposure to English maybe a catalyst for setting this change in motion. The more varied responses from the Gurindji, Kriol, and Gurindji Kriol listeners in groups II and III, who have little exposure to English, help support these findings.

中文翻译：

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语音分层的发展：来自 Gurindji Kriol 和 Roper Kriol 停止发声感知的证据

本研究测试了多语言和语言接触对辅音感知的影响。在这里，我们使用两个可选的强制选择 (2AFC) 识别任务实验来探索语音分层的出现，以测试听者对停止发声的感知，以及沿 10 步连续体修改的对比最小对。我们研究了一种独特的语言生态，它由澳大利亚北领地使用的三种语言组成：Roper Kriol（一种英语词汇克里奥尔语）、Gurindji（Pama-Nyungan）和 Gurindji Kriol（一种源自 Gurindji 和 Kriol 的混合语言）。此外，本研究侧重于三个不同的年龄组：儿童（I 组，8 岁以上）、青少年到中年（II 组，10-58 岁）和老年人（III 组，65 岁以上）。结果表明，第二组中的 Kriol 和 Gurindji Kriol 听众都对比了唇系列 [p] 和 [b]。相反，虽然大多数参与者 (74%) 始终可以识别出肺泡 [t] 和软腭 [k]，但 61% 的参与者显示了他们的浊音对应物 ([d] 和 [g]) 的随机响应模式。然而，青春期前成人 Kriol 组对有声刺激的反应明显比 Gurindji Kriol 组更一致，这表明 Kriol 听众可能在获得声音对比方面走得更远。两个语言组中听众接触标准英语的显着结果也表明，持续接触英语可能是推动这种变化的催化剂。来自第二组和第三组的 Gurindji、Kriol 和 Gurindji Kriol 听众的反应更加多样化，