Many studies have focused on substrate influence on the creole languages of Melanesia – Tok Pisin, Solomons Pijin and Bislama. The same cannot be said with regard to influence in the opposite direction: contact-induced change occurring in local vernaculars due to pressure from the creole. This paper presents a case study of several instances of structural borrowing and semantic category change in Paluai, an Oceanic language spoken in Papua New Guinea. It is shown that a number of functional elements originating from Tok Pisin are now firmly embedded in Paluai grammar: two verbs, gat and inap, and a conjunction, taim. Moreover, semantic categories are undergoing change and possibly attrition due to many-to-one correspondences. This suggests that it is important to view language contact situations as dynamic and involving two-way processes of change.

中文翻译：

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海洋语言中的接触引起的变化：Paluai – Tok Pisin 案例

许多研究都集中在对美拉尼西亚克里奥尔语——Tok Pisin、Solomons Pijin 和 Bislama 的基质影响上。对于相反方向的影响，情况并非如此：由于来自克里奥尔语的压力，在当地方言中发生了接触引起的变化。本文介绍了在巴布亚新几内亚使用的一种海洋语言帕鲁艾语中结构借用和语义类别变化的几个实例的案例研究。结果表明，许多源自 Tok Pisin 的功能元素现在已经牢牢嵌入帕鲁艾语语法中：两个动词，gat 和 inap，以及一个连词，taim。此外，由于多对一的对应关系，语义类别正在发生变化和可能的磨损。这表明将语言接触情况视为动态的并涉及双向变化过程是很重要的。