Prevalence studies on gambling participation and problem gambling in Japan have been limited. To obtain data showing the current status of gambling in Japan, we conducted an online survey on gambling participation and problem gambling among residents in Chiba City. The online data collection was conducted through an Internet research firm. Questionnaires were consisted of personal demographics, past-year gambling participation and severity of gambling risks. The Problem Gambling Severity Index (PGSI) was used as a survey instrument. Males (51.5%) were significantly more likely than females (25.5%) to have gambled in the past year. Problem gamblers (PGSI score ≧ 8) were 7.2% among males and 1.2% among females. Problem gambling was strongly correlated with frequent gambling, preference for Pachinko/Slot and smoking habit. The gambling participation rates were roughly lower than those reported in many overseas jurisdictions, whereas the problem gambling rates were considerably higher than those reported in the same jurisdictions. According to the total consumption model, it would be reasonable to consider that gambling participation rates show a positive correlation with problem gambling rates. The high levels of problem gambling may be due to the administration mode using online sampling, by which answers admitting unapprovable behaviors like problem gambling tend to increase. This suggests that the previous studies using conventional face-to-face or telephone methods may have underestimated problem gambling rates.

中文翻译：

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千叶市赌博参与和问题赌博的在线调查：问题赌博率可能会受到管理模式的强烈影响

在日本，关于赌博参与和问题赌博的流行研究非常有限。为了获得显示日本赌博现状的数据，我们对千叶市居民中的赌博参与和问题赌博进行了在线调查。在线数据收集是通过一家互联网研究公司进行的。调查问卷包括个人人口统计资料，过去一年的赌博参与情况和赌博风险的严重性。问题赌博严重性指数（PGSI）被用作调查工具。在过去一年中，男性（51.5％）比女性（25.5％）赌博的可能性要高得多。问题赌徒（PGSI得分≥8）在男性中为7.2％，在女性中为1.2％。问题赌博与频繁赌博，对柏青哥/老虎机的偏好以及吸烟习惯密切相关。赌博参与率大致低于许多海外司法管辖区的报告，而问题赌博的比率则大大高于同一司法管辖区的报告。根据总消费模型，可以合理地认为赌博参与率与问题赌博率呈正相关。问题赌博的高水平可能归因于使用在线采样的管理模式，通过这种方式，承认诸如问题赌博之类的不可接受行为的答案趋于增加。这表明以前使用常规面对面或电话方法进行的研究可能低估了问题赌博率。而问题赌博率大大高于同一司法管辖区的报告率。根据总消费模型，可以合理地认为赌博参与率与问题赌博率呈正相关。问题赌博的高水平可能归因于使用在线采样的管理模式，通过这种方式，承认诸如问题赌博之类的不可接受行为的答案趋于增加。这表明以前使用常规面对面或电话方法进行的研究可能低估了问题赌博率。而问题赌博率大大高于同一司法管辖区的报告率。根据总消费模型，可以合理地认为赌博参与率与问题赌博率呈正相关。问题赌博的高水平可能归因于使用在线采样的管理模式，通过这种方式，承认诸如问题赌博之类的不可接受行为的答案趋于增加。这表明以前使用常规面对面或电话方法进行的研究可能低估了问题赌博率。问题赌博的高水平可能归因于使用在线采样的管理模式，通过这种方式，承认诸如问题赌博之类的不可接受行为的答案趋于增加。这表明以前使用常规面对面或电话方法进行的研究可能低估了问题赌博率。问题赌博的高水平可能归因于使用在线采样的管理模式，通过这种方式，承认诸如问题赌博之类的不可接受行为的答案趋于增加。这表明以前使用常规面对面或电话方法进行的研究可能低估了问题赌博率。