Historiographic literature on the Second World War in Croatia has focused on the atrocities perpetrated against Jews, Serbs, and Roma by the Axis Powers and their local collaborators—the Ustaše, both Croats and Muslims, and the Volksdeutsche, Yugoslav citizens of German ancestry. The Četniks, a remnant of the Royal Serbian army, primarily hunted the Jews. Historians as well as survivors were eager to expose the atrocities so that people around the globe would know what had happened. Although there is a plethora of historiographic literature on the machinery of murder in the Serbian and Croatian death camps, it is plagued by disputes over the number of victims. Moreover, much of it is written to defend one or another ethnic perspective. Thus, Raphael Israeli writes that he came “to the mixed conclusion that the horrors of Jadovno and Jasenovac have to be reported to the public in some nonpartisan way.” His intent to revisit the subject of Croatian death camps might seem a refreshing approach. Israeli’s actual text consists of 194 pages, comprising a foreword, an introduction, and eight chapters: “The German Expansion into the Balkans”; “The Roots of the Ustaše Regime”; “The Jadovno Complex”; “The Middle East Connection”: “The Muslim Connection and Haj Amin al-Husseini”; “Jasenovac: The Routinization of Mass Murder”; “The Suppression of War Memories and Their Reemergence”; and “Summary and Conclusions.” Unfortunately, the book fails to provide new insights into the conflict between the Serbs and Croats, neither about the wartime atrocities nor about the number of victims. Because Israeli does not know Serbo-Croatian, his bibliography lacks primary sources, including diaries, memoirs, contemporary newspapers, and interviews with those who experienced these years. The book is based essentially on secondary sources, predominantly books written or translated into English (pp. 191–193). Israeli’s unfamiliarity with Serbo-Croatian also results in frequent misspellings of individuals’ names and locations. The Death Camps of Croatia loses focus on its stated subject when it ventures from wartime Yugoslavia and its concentration camps to present-day conflicts. In particular, by introducing a totally irrelevant Middle East connection with a follow-up on the Muslim connection and Haj-Aminal-Husseini, it needlessly confuses readers. Despite Israeli’s intent to relate his subject to current issues, his chapter “The Suppression of War Memories and Their Reemergence” largely ignores the current situation in Croatia. Although Josip Broz Tito’s regime restricted the use of official archives to a few select historians, the situation has long been much different. After the Yugoslav wars of separation in the 1990s, the Croatian state archives in Zagreb were opened to the public. Microfilms of all the Holocaust-related documents are available at Yad Vashem in Jerusalem, and at the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum in Washington,

中文翻译：

---

克罗地亚的死亡集中营：愿景和修订，1941-1945。作者：Raphael Israel，新泽西州新不伦瑞克：Transaction Publishers，2013 年。xxiv + 201 页。36.71 美元。

关于克罗地亚第二次世界大战的史学文献主要关注轴心国及其当地合作者——乌斯塔谢（克罗地亚人和穆斯林）以及德国血统的南斯拉夫人民（Volksdeutsche）——对犹太人、塞尔维亚人和罗姆人犯下的暴行。Četniks 是塞尔维亚皇家军队的残余，主要猎杀犹太人。历史学家和幸存者都渴望揭露这些暴行，以便世界各地的人们知道发生了什么。尽管有大量关于塞尔维亚和克罗地亚死亡集中营谋杀机制的史学文献，但它饱受关于受害者人数的争论的困扰。此外，其中大部分是为了捍卫一种或另一种种族观点而写的。因此，Raphael Israel 写道，他“得出了一个混合的结论，即必须以某种无党派的方式向公众报告 Jadovno 和 Jasenovac 的恐怖事件。” 他重新审视克罗地亚死亡集中营这一主题的意图似乎是一种令人耳目一新的方法。以色列的实际文本由 194 页组成，包括前言、导言和八章：“德国向巴尔干地区的扩张”；“乌斯塔谢政权的根源”；“贾多夫诺情结”；“中东联系”：“穆斯林联系和 Haj Amin al-Husseini”；“Jasenovac：大规模谋杀的常规化”；“战争记忆的压制及其再现”；和“总结和结论”。不幸的是，这本书未能对塞尔维亚人和克罗地亚人之间的冲突提供新的见解，无论是关于战时暴行还是受害者人数。由于以色列不会塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语，他的书目缺乏主要来源，包括日记、回忆录、当代报纸以及对那些经历过这些年的人的采访。这本书主要基于二手资料，主要是书面或翻译成英文的书籍（第 191-193 页）。以色列人不熟悉塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语也导致个人姓名和地点经常拼错。当克罗地亚的死亡集中营从战时的南斯拉夫及其集中营冒险到当今的冲突时，它失去了对其既定主题的关注。特别是，通过引入一个完全不相关的中东联系以及对穆斯林联系和 Haj-Aminal-Husseini 的跟进，它不必要地让读者感到困惑。尽管以色列打算将他的主题与当前的问题联系起来，他的“战争记忆的压制及其重新出现”一章在很大程度上忽略了克罗地亚的当前局势。尽管约瑟普·布罗兹·铁托 (Josip Broz Tito) 的政权将官方档案的使用仅限于少数精选历史学家，但情况早已大不相同。在 1990 年代的南斯拉夫分离战争之后，萨格勒布的克罗地亚国家档案馆向公众开放。所有与大屠杀有关的文件的缩微胶片都可以在耶路撒冷的犹太大屠杀纪念馆和华盛顿的美国大屠杀纪念博物馆获得，位于萨格勒布的克罗地亚国家档案馆向公众开放。所有与大屠杀有关的文件的缩微胶片都可以在耶路撒冷的犹太大屠杀纪念馆和华盛顿的美国大屠杀纪念博物馆获得，位于萨格勒布的克罗地亚国家档案馆向公众开放。所有与大屠杀有关的文件的缩微胶片都可以在耶路撒冷的犹太大屠杀纪念馆和华盛顿的美国大屠杀纪念博物馆获得，