This article examines both 4 and 5 Ezra as two textual reactions to Roman imperialism utilizing Homi Bhabha's notion of ‘hybridity’. The central argument offered here is that 4 and 5 Ezra both exemplify resistance to and affiliation with the discourse of dominance integral to imperial ideology. Such reactions are, however, inverted. On the one hand, 4 Ezra primarily offers a theodicean resistance to the destruction of the Second Temple during the First Jewish Revolt (66–70 CE), but relies upon essentialized binaries integral to a colonial discourse of domination. On the other hand, 5 Ezra advances a notion of religious replacement in the aftermath of the Bar Kokhba revolt (132–135 CE); an expression of dominance that is simultaneously a strategy of communal preservation arising from a position of proximity to a Jewish heritage.

中文翻译：

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反向杂交：在某些伪版《以斯拉记》中对帝国主义的反应

本文考察了4和5以斯拉，这是利用霍米·巴巴（Homi Bhabha）的“杂交”概念对罗马帝国主义的两种文本反应。这里提出的中心论点是，《 4以斯拉记》和《 5以斯拉记》都体现了对帝国意识形态不可或缺的主导地位话语的抵抗和从属关系。但是，这种反应是相反的。一方面，《 4以斯拉记》主要是在第一次犹太起义（公元66-70年）期间对第二神庙的破坏提供了狄奥狄西式的抵抗，但它依赖于殖民统治话语中不可或缺的二进制。另一方面，“以斯拉记5”在Bar Kokhba起义（公元132-135年）之后提出了宗教替代的概念。占统治地位的表达，同时也是由于靠近犹太遗产而引起的社区保护策略。