Most modern-day forms of Judaism determine a child's genealogical identity through the status of his/her mother. The shift from a patrilineal descent in the pre-exilic narratives of the Hebrew Bible to the matrilineal principle found in rabbinic literature has led to much speculation about its inception. Following the first exile, it is apparent that the status of mothers began to play a significant role in determining the national/ethnic identity of their children. This article explores three pre-Mishnaic texts which may testify to the early development of the matrilineal principle. First, it examines the expulsion narrative in Ezra 9.1–10.4, which recounts the removal of foreign women and their children, thereby apparently linking the status of children with their mothers. Second, it focuses on the Shechemite narrative in Jub. 30.1–26 and considers the incorporation of Molech language in the prohibition against intermarriage. In turn, this article proposes that the association between intermarriage and idolatry may be rooted in the presumption that Dinah's progeny would be Jewish, yet raised as idolaters. Finally, it argues that the author of Luke-Acts portrayed Timothy as Jewish (Acts 16.1–3) in light of his mother's status and thus was required to undergo circumcision.

中文翻译：

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母系原则在以斯拉，禧年和使徒行传中的发展

大多数现代犹太教形式通过孩子的母亲身份来确定孩子的家谱身份。从希伯来圣经流放前叙事中的父系血统转变为拉比文学中发现的母系原则，这引起了许多关于其起源的猜测。第一次流放之后，很明显，母亲的地位开始在确定子女的民族/族裔身份方面发挥重要作用。本文探讨了三项弥赛亚前文本，它们可以证明母系原则的早期发展。首先，它考察了以斯拉9.1-10.4中的驱逐叙述，其中叙述了被驱逐的外国妇女及其子女，从而显然将子女的地位与母亲联系在一起。其次，它着重于Jub中的Shechemite叙述。30岁 1–26，并考虑在禁止通婚中加入Molech语言。反过来，本文提出，通婚与偶像崇拜之间的联系可能源于迪纳的后代是犹太人但被提拔为偶像崇拜者的假设。最后，它认为《路加福音》的作者根据其母亲的身分将提摩太描绘成犹太人（使徒行传16.3–3），因此被要求行割礼。