This article contends that ancient Near Eastern gender ideals concerning masculinity are brought to bear by the Exodus narrative to shape an effective rhetoric, a rhetoric which compares and contrasts the primary male characters of the narrative: Yhwh, Moses, and Pharaoh. The text portrays these male characters as variously fulfilling or failing to meet ancient Near East masculine ideals in order to array Yhwh, Moses, and Pharaoh in relation to one another as effective males. In doing so, the text casts Yhwh as a male character who meets the ideal, Pharaoh as a male character who falls short of the ideal, and Moses as a male character who wavers in between the two. By drawing upon ancient gender ideals to shape its rhetoric, the text reinforces these gender ideals, rather than deconstructing them.

中文翻译：

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耶和华、摩西和法老：出埃及记叙事中作为修辞的男性竞争

本文认为，出埃及记叙事将古代近东关于男性气质的性别理想付诸实践，以塑造一种有效的修辞，一种比较和对比叙事中主要男性角色的修辞：耶和华、摩西和法老。文本将这些男性角色描绘成不同程度地满足或未能满足古代近东男性理想，以便将耶和华、摩西和法老作为有效的男性相互排列。在此过程中，文本将 Yhwh 塑造为符合理想的男性角色，将法老塑造为达不到理想的男性角色，将摩西塑造为在两者之间摇摆不定的男性角色。通过借鉴古代性别理想来塑造其修辞，文本强化了这些性别理想，而不是解构它们。