Since the end of the Cold War, international law has increasingly been challenged by states and other actors. Specific norms have also been challenged in their application by new realities and obstacles. This article focuses on these challenges as they arise from the development of cyberspace and cyber operations, and offers an overview of the main questions arising with regard to the application of international law to cyber operations. By analysing the application of the existing norms of international law to cyber operations as well as identifying their limits, the article offers an accurate lens through which to study the contestation or process of reinterpretation of some norms of international law. The objective of the article is not to deliver a comprehensive analysis of how the norms of international law apply to cyber operations but to provide an overview of the key points and issues linked to the applicability and application of the norms as well as elements of contextualisation, notably after the failure of the 2016–17 United Nations Group of Governmental Experts on Developments in the Field of Information and Telecommunications in the Context of International Security. The article comprises three parts. The first part focuses on the applicability of international law to cyber operations. The second part identifies challenges that affect the applicability and application of international law in general, while the third part analyses challenges that affect specific norms of international law, highlighting their limits in dealing with cyber threats.

中文翻译：

---

网络空间对国际法的重新解释或争论？

自冷战结束以来，国际法越来越多地受到国家和其他行为体的挑战。具体规范的应用也受到新现实和障碍的挑战。本文重点关注网络空间和网络作战的发展带来的这些挑战，并概述国际法适用于网络作战的主要问题。通过分析现有国际法规范在网络行动中的应用并确定其局限性，本文提供了一个准确的视角来研究对某些国际法规范的争论或重新解释的过程。本文的目的不是对国际法规范如何适用于网络行动进行全面分析，而是概述与规范的适用性和适用性以及背景化要素相关的关键点和问题，特别是在 2016-17 年联合国国际安全背景下信息和电信领域发展政府专家组失败之后。文章包括三个部分。第一部分侧重于国际法对网络行动的适用性。第二部分确定了影响一般国际法适用性和适用的挑战，而第三部分分析了影响具体国际法规范的挑战，