Recent scholarship shows war can catalyze reforms related to gender power imbalances, but what about reforms related to ethnic inequalities? While war can disrupt the political, social and economic institutions at the root of ethnic hierarchy—just as it can shake up the institutions at the root of gender hierarchy—war is also prone to have either a reinforcing effect or a pendulum effect. Our project uses data from the Varieties of Democracy project to examine specific manifestations of changes in gender and ethnic civil-liberty equality (1900–2015). Interstate war, but not intrastate war, tends to be followed by gains in ethnic civil-liberty equality, and intrastate war tends to be followed by long-term gains in gender civil-liberty equality. Wars with government losses are prone to lead to improvements in civil-liberty equality along both dimensions. In considering overlapping gender and ethnic hierarchies, we find that when wars open up space for gains in gender equality, they also facilitate gains in equality for excluded ethnic groups.

中文翻译：

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战争坩埚中的种族和性别等级制度

最近的研究表明，战争可以促进与性别力量失衡有关的改革，但是与种族不平等有关的改革又如何呢？尽管战争可以打乱种族等级制度根源的政治，社会和经济机构（就像它可以撼动性别等级制度根源的机构一样），但战争也容易产生增强作用或钟摆效应。我们的项目使用来自“民主多样性”项目的数据来检验性别和族裔公民自由平等变化的特定表现形式（1900-2015年）。州际战争，而不是州际战争，往往伴随着种族公民自由平等的收获，而州际战争，往往伴随着性别的公民自由平等的长期收获。遭受政府损失的战争很容易导致这两个方面的公民自由平等得到改善。在考虑重叠的性别和族裔等级制度时，我们发现，当战争为性别平等的获取开辟空间时，它们也促进了被排斥种族群体的平等获取。