This article explores how survivors’ experiences of extreme violence change their relationship with time. It draws on extensive fieldwork undertaken with survivors of the 1994 Genocide against the Tutsi and participatory observation of Rwanda’s annual commemoration ceremonies. It focuses on the practice of ‘care-taking’ that survivors engage in at genocide memorials that display human remains and dead bodies. This article identifies the different temporal practices that survivors use to help remake their worlds after the 1994 Genocide. In doing so, it asks: how do survivors construct time through informal mnemonic practices? How do they experience time during the commemoration? And what mode of temporality is inscribed in the materiality of memorials? The article demonstrates that care-taking and imagination produce a symbolic time-reversal, whereas the materiality of the memorial sites preserves the past in the present. The commemoration constructs different temporal logics, such as time homogenisation and a traumatic cyclicalisation, something I describe through the notion of ‘trauma-time’. The article concludes that multiple temporalities are produced and reproduced in various attempts to remake lives after genocide that counter simplistic ‘before and after’ accounts of time dominant in the transitional justice discourse.

中文翻译：

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其他时期：种族灭绝后卢旺达的时间、记忆和创伤

本文探讨了幸存者的极端暴力经历如何随着时间改变他们的关系。它借鉴了对 1994 年图西族大屠杀幸存者进行的广泛实地调查，以及对卢旺达年度纪念仪式的参与性观察。它侧重于幸存者在展示人类遗骸和尸体的种族灭绝纪念馆中参与的“照顾”实践。本文确定了 1994 年种族灭绝之后幸存者用来帮助重建他们的世界的不同时间实践。这样做时，它会问：幸存者如何通过非正式的记忆练习来构建时间？他们在纪念活动中如何体验时间？什么样的时间模式被铭刻在纪念物的物质性中？文章表明，细心和想象力产生了象征性的时间倒转，而纪念场所的物质性则保留了现在的过去。纪念活动构建了不同的时间逻辑，例如时间同质化和创伤性循环，我通过“创伤时间”的概念来描述。这篇文章的结论是，在种族灭绝之后重塑生活的各种尝试中产生和再现了多重时间性，这与在过渡正义话语中占主导地位的简单化“之前和之后”时间相反。