The issue of exploitative labour practices has been a persistent and recurring problem in the textile and garment industry. Despite increased media, policy and practitioners attention the evidence base remains unexplored. The International Labour Organization (ILO) has acknowledged the presence of labour exploitation in global supply chains because of private sectors’ employment practices. The purpose of this study is to apprehend views of multilevel stakeholders to explore the nature and driving mechanisms of exploitation.,Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 76 respondents from 25 factories from 3 cities of Pakistan i.e. Faisalabad, Lahore and Gujranwala. Convenient and snowball sampling techniques were used because of the complexity of research settings. Transcribed data was analysed with the help of NVivo.,Drawing on qualitative evidence, the study reveals that workers experience a range of exploitation at the workplace, which is unlikely to fall within the scope of severe exploitation. The findings reveal that three types of exploitation exist in Pakistan’s textile and garment industry such as financial, physiological and psychological. Power inequality is the foundation and a fundamental cause of the endurance of exploitation. The study found three mechanisms that facilitate the endurance of exploitation, i.e. distance, profit and oppression.,The study contributes to supply chain literature by exemplifying power inequality. It is crucial for the government to step up efforts to stipulate a minimum wage rate in the textile and garment industry to alleviate labour exploitation. The findings provide motivation for policy and decision-makers to implement incremental changes to global supply chains to protect the rights and welfare of workers, according to the standards of social accountability 8000, the ILO and other world trade stakeholders.,This study argues that the international and local instruments do not specifically address the severe labour exploitation in Pakistan textile and garment industry. Therefore, the need arises to develop a specific instrument to address the problem. In the absence of such an instrument, there is a piecemeal approach by international and local bodies towards the regulation of labour exploitation.

中文翻译：

---

劳动剥削机制：以巴基斯坦为例

剥削性劳动做法问题一直是纺织服装工业中一个长期存在的问题。尽管媒体，政策和从业人员的人数增加了，但证据基础仍未得到开发。国际劳工组织（ILO）已经承认，由于私营部门的雇用做法，全球供应链中存在劳动剥削。这项研究的目的是了解多方利益相关者的意见，以探讨剥削的性质和驱动机制。半结构化访谈是对来自巴基斯坦三个城市费萨拉巴德，拉合尔和古吉兰瓦拉的25家工厂的76名受访者进行的。由于研究环境的复杂性，使用了便捷的滚雪球采样技术。在NVivo的帮助下分析了转录数据。利用定性证据，研究表明工人在工作场所经历了一系列剥削，这不太可能属于严重剥削的范围。调查结果表明，巴基斯坦的纺织和制衣业存在三种剥削类型，例如金融，生理和心理剥削。权力不平等是忍耐剥削的基础和根本原因。该研究发现了三种促进剥削持久性的机制，即距离，利润和压迫。该研究通过举例说明权力不平等，为供应链文献做出了贡献。政府必须加紧努力，为纺织和制衣业规定最低工资水平，以减轻劳动力剥削。根据社会责任8000，国际劳工组织和其他世界贸易利益相关者的标准，该发现为政策和决策者提供动力，以实施全球供应链的增量变化以保护工人的权利和福利。国际和地方文书并未具体解决巴基斯坦纺织和制衣业严重的劳工剥削问题。因此，需要开发一种特定的工具来解决该问题。在没有这种工具的情况下，国际和地方机构采取了零星的方法来管理劳工剥削。这项研究认为，国际和地方文书并未具体解决巴基斯坦纺织服装工业中的严重劳动力剥削问题。因此，需要开发一种特定的工具来解决该问题。在没有这种工具的情况下，国际和地方机构采取了零星的方法来管理劳工剥削。这项研究认为，国际和地方文书并未具体解决巴基斯坦纺织服装工业中的严重劳动力剥削问题。因此，需要开发一种特定的工具来解决该问题。在没有这种工具的情况下，国际和地方机构采取零星的方法来管理劳工剥削。