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The way the cookie crumbles: online tracking meets behavioural economics: Table A1:
International Journal of Law and Information Technology ( IF 1.6 ) Pub Date : 2016-10-26 , DOI: 10.1093/ijlit/eaw013
Ignacio N. Cofone

Limitations on online tracking are object of a regulatory debate that has shifted to the use of default rules to enhance privacy. The European Union implemented this idea with the Cookies Directive. The Directive aims to change the default system for track­ ing and move to an opt-in system in which data subjects must agree to it beforehand. This article evaluates the Directive’s implementation across Member States and studies the cases of the Netherlands and the UK. It then draws from the behavioural eco­ nomics literature on default rules to evaluate these regulations and to consider whether it is possible to implement the policy in a way that avoids some of the problems they faced. K E Y W O R D S : online tracking, online privacy, cookie law, data protection, default rules, consumer choice I N T R O D U C T I O N Advertisers, and in particular online behavioural advertisers, receive considerable benefits from tracking devices such as cookies. Unlike mass advertising techniques, such as billboards, the Internet is able to personalize content. Having more informa­ tion about data subjects’ interests, companies can increase the relevance of advertise­ ments, targeting the particular interests of the person to whom an advertisement is shown. This increment in relevance allows for more sales and higher rents for adver­ tising spots, increasing revenue for both sellers and websites. The click-through rate of advertisements (fraction of visitors that click on them), commonly used as a meas­ ure of their success, has been shown to increase by approximately 670 per cent with online behavioural advertisement compared to traditional advertisement. * Resident Fellow, Yale Law School, Information Society Project; E-mail: A previ­ ous version of this paper was presented at the 7th Privacy Law Scholars Conference (Washington DC). I am grateful to Michael Faure, Klaus Heine, Tobias Hlobil, Joasia Luzak, Aleecia Mcdonald, Stephan Michel, Sjoera Nas, Sharon Oded, Alessio Pacces, Robert Sloan, Jim Tierney, Ann-Sophie Vandenberghe, Louis Visscher and two anonymous referees for their comments and suggestions. I gratefully acknowledge financial support from Erasmus University Trustfunds. All errors remain my own. Jun Yan and others, ‘How Much Can Behavioral Targeting Help Online Advertising?’, Proceedings of the Eighteenth International Conference on World Wide Web (ACM 2009). C V The Author (2016). Published by Oxford University Press. All rights reserved. For Permissions, please email:

中文翻译:

Cookie崩溃的方式:在线跟踪符合行为经济学:表A1:

在线跟踪的限制是监管辩论的对象,该辩论已转向使用默认规则来增强隐私。欧盟通过Cookie指令实施了这一想法。该指令旨在更改默认的跟踪系统,并转移到数据主体必须事先同意的选择加入系统。本文评估了该指令在成员国中的实施情况,并研究了荷兰和英国的案例。然后,它从行为经济学的文献中研究了默认规则,以评估这些规则,并考虑是否有可能以避免其面临的某些问题的方式实施该政策。关键字:在线跟踪,在线隐私,Cookie法,数据保护,默认规则,消费者选择简介广告商,尤其是在线行为广告客户,会从跟踪设备(例如Cookie)中获得可观的收益。与大众广告技术(例如广告牌)不同,互联网能够个性化内容。通过获得有关数据主体兴趣的更多信息,公司可以提高广告的相关性,从而针对显示广告的人的特定兴趣。相关性的增加允许广告位获得更多的销售和更高的租金,从而增加了卖家和网站的收入。在线行为广告与传统广告相比,通常被用作衡量其成功程度的广告的点击率(点击访问者的分数)已经提高了约670%。*院士 耶鲁大学法学院,信息社会项目;电子邮件:在第7届隐私法学者大会(华盛顿特区)上介绍了本文的先前版本。我感谢Michael Faure,Klaus Heine,Tobias Hlobil,Joasia Luzak,Aleecia Mcdonald,Stephan Michel,Sjoera Nas,Sharon Oded,Alessio Pacces,Robert Sloan,Jim Tierney,Ann-Sophie Vandenberghe,Louis Visscher和两位匿名裁判意见及建议。我非常感谢Erasmus University Trustfunds的财政支持。所有错误都是我自己的。Jun Yan等人,“行为定向能对在线广告有多大帮助?”,第18届国际互联网会议论文集(ACM 2009)。简历作者(2016)。牛津大学出版社出版。版权所有。有关权限,请发送电子邮件至:电子邮件:在第7届隐私法学者大会(华盛顿特区)上介绍了本文的先前版本。我感谢Michael Faure,Klaus Heine,Tobias Hlobil,Joasia Luzak,Aleecia Mcdonald,Stephan Michel,Sjoera Nas,Sharon Oded,Alessio Pacces,Robert Sloan,Jim Tierney,Ann-Sophie Vandenberghe,Louis Visscher和两位匿名裁判意见及建议。我非常感谢Erasmus University Trustfunds的财政支持。所有错误都是我自己的。Jun Yan等人,“行为定向能对在线广告有多大帮助?”,第18届国际互联网会议论文集(ACM 2009)。简历作者(2016)。牛津大学出版社出版。版权所有。有关权限,请发送电子邮件至:电子邮件:在第7届隐私法学者大会(华盛顿特区)上介绍了本文的先前版本。我感谢Michael Faure,Klaus Heine,Tobias Hlobil,Joasia Luzak,Aleecia Mcdonald,Stephan Michel,Sjoera Nas,Sharon Oded,Alessio Pacces,Robert Sloan,Jim Tierney,Ann-Sophie Vandenberghe,Louis Visscher和两位匿名裁判意见及建议。我非常感谢Erasmus University Trustfunds的财政支持。所有错误都是我自己的。Jun Yan等人,“行为定向能对在线广告有多大帮助?”,第18届国际互联网会议论文集(ACM 2009)。简历作者(2016)。牛津大学出版社出版。版权所有。有关权限,请发送电子邮件至:本文的先前版本在第七届隐私法学者大会(华盛顿特区)上发表。我感谢Michael Faure,Klaus Heine,Tobias Hlobil,Joasia Luzak,Aleecia Mcdonald,Stephan Michel,Sjoera Nas,Sharon Oded,Alessio Pacces,Robert Sloan,Jim Tierney,Ann-Sophie Vandenberghe,Louis Visscher和两位匿名裁判意见及建议。我非常感谢Erasmus University Trustfunds的财政支持。所有错误都是我自己的。Jun Yan等人,“行为定向能对在线广告有多大帮助?”,第18届国际互联网会议论文集(ACM 2009)。简历作者(2016)。牛津大学出版社出版。版权所有。有关权限,请发送电子邮件至:本文的先前版本在第七届隐私法学者大会(华盛顿特区)上发表。我感谢Michael Faure,Klaus Heine,Tobias Hlobil,Joasia Luzak,Aleecia Mcdonald,Stephan Michel,Sjoera Nas,Sharon Oded,Alessio Pacces,Robert Sloan,Jim Tierney,Ann-Sophie Vandenberghe,Louis Visscher和两位匿名裁判意见及建议。我非常感谢Erasmus University Trustfunds的财政支持。所有错误都是我自己的。Jun Yan等人,“行为定向能对在线广告有多大帮助?”,第18届国际互联网会议论文集(ACM 2009)。简历作者(2016)。牛津大学出版社出版。版权所有。有关权限,请发送电子邮件至:Tobias Hlobil,Joasia Luzak,Aleecia Mcdonald,Stephan Michel,Sjoera Nas,Sharon Oded,Alessio Pacces,Robert Sloan,Jim Tierney,Ann-Sophie Vandenberghe,Louis Visscher和两名匿名裁判员的评论和建议。我非常感谢Erasmus University Trustfunds的财政支持。所有错误都是我自己的。Jun Yan等人,“行为定向能对在线广告有多大帮助?”,第18届国际互联网会议论文集(ACM 2009)。简历作者(2016)。牛津大学出版社出版。版权所有。有关权限,请发送电子邮件至:Tobias Hlobil,Joasia Luzak,Aleecia Mcdonald,Stephan Michel,Sjoera Nas,Sharon Oded,Alessio Pacces,Robert Sloan,Jim Tierney,Ann-Sophie Vandenberghe,Louis Visscher和两名匿名裁判员的评论和建议。我非常感谢Erasmus University Trustfunds的财政支持。所有错误都是我自己的。Jun Yan等人,“行为定向能对在线广告有多大帮助?”,第18届国际互联网会议论文集(ACM 2009)。简历作者(2016)。牛津大学出版社出版。版权所有。有关权限,请发送电子邮件至:我非常感谢Erasmus University Trustfunds的财政支持。所有错误都是我自己的。Jun Yan等人,“行为定向能对在线广告有多大帮助?”,第18届国际互联网会议论文集(ACM 2009)。简历作者(2016)。牛津大学出版社出版。版权所有。有关权限,请发送电子邮件至:我非常感谢Erasmus University Trustfunds的财政支持。所有错误都是我自己的。Jun Yan等人,“行为定向能对在线广告有多大帮助?”,第18届国际互联网会议论文集(ACM 2009)。简历作者(2016)。牛津大学出版社出版。版权所有。有关权限,请发送电子邮件至:
更新日期:2016-10-26
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