The central question of this paper is: what has Kant’s Refutation of Idealism argument proven, if anything? What is the real scandal of philosophy and universal human reason? I argue that Kant’s Refutation argument can only be considered as sound if we assume that his target is what I call ‘metaphysical external-world skepticism’ (rather than traditional ‘epistemological external-world skepticism’). What is in question is not the ‘existence’ of outside things, but their very ‘nature’, that is, the claim that the thing outside us, which appears to us as persistent body in space, exists in itself as a substantia noumenon . Assuming the indirect-realist view that we only immediately know ideas and that their putative objects are known by inference, the metaphysical external-world skeptic doubts that the nature of things outside oneself is mind-independent.

中文翻译：

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什么是哲学丑闻？

本文的中心问题是：如果有的话，康德对唯心主义的反驳证明了什么？哲学和普遍人类理性的真正丑闻是什么？我认为，只有当我们假设康德的目标是我所谓的“形而上学的外部世界怀疑论”（而不是传统的“认识论的外部世界怀疑论”）时，康德的反驳论证才被认为是合理的。所讨论的不是外部事物的“存在”，而是它们的“本质”，也就是说，我们认为我们外部的事物在我们看来是空间中持久的物体，而其自身却是作为实体本体而存在的。假设间接现实主义观点认为我们只能立即知道想法，并且通过推理知道它们的假定对象，