Twenty years ago, the International Criminal Court (hereinafter ICC or the Court) was established holding the aim of placing victims at the heart of international criminal justice proceedings and delivering justice to them through, among others, reparations. Article 75 of the Rome Statute lays out the reparations regime, and, in practice, court-ordered reparations are a means of delivering such justice. Focusing on Court decisions on reparations, our analysis takes stock of all developments before the ICC and attempts to highlight the mismatch between characteristics inherent to the objectives of international criminal trials such as providing accountability and punishment of the accused and delivering justice for victims of mass crimes—the so-called procedural challenges. We also submit that the Court is facing conceptual challenges, related to an apparent misunderstanding of the various concepts at stake: reparations as such and the various modalities and channels of enforcing them. We conclude that although the ICC’s reparation regime may not be the best reparative response to provide justice to victims in conflict situations affected by mass victimization, we suggest that improving the ICC’s approach includes, at a minimum, tackling these challenges.

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审判和（潜在）错误：国际刑事法院系统内关于赔偿的冲突愿景

二十年前，国际刑事法院（以下简称国际刑事法院或法院）成立，其宗旨是将受害者置于国际刑事司法程序的核心位置，并通过赔偿等方式为他们伸张正义。《罗马规约》第 75 条规定了赔偿制度，实际上，法院命令的赔偿是实现这种正义的一种手段。我们的分析侧重于法院关于赔偿的裁决，评估了国际刑事法院面前的所有事态发展，并试图强调国际刑事审判目标固有的特征之间的不匹配，例如追究被告的责任和惩罚以及为大规模犯罪的受害者伸张正义——所谓的程序挑战。我们还提出，法院正面临概念上的挑战，与对所涉各种概念的明显误解有关：赔偿本身以及执行赔偿的各种方式和渠道。我们的结论是，尽管国际刑事法院的赔偿制度可能不是为受大规模受害影响的冲突局势中的受害者伸张正义的最佳赔偿回应，但我们建议改进国际刑事法院的方法至少包括应对这些挑战。