This article examines the development of the federal coercion power of the U.S. government during the period from the Declaration of Independence to the Civil War. Although unhappy with the states’ defiance of federal requisitions, the Founders agreed at the Constitutional Convention that the national government should not have the power to coerce individual states militarily to force them into compliance with federal law. Instead, a federal judiciary was created to uphold the supremacy of the Constitution. As part of the new constitutional makeup, the federal government now had the power to coerce individuals, rendering the coercion of states unnecessary. However, in the pre-Civil War era, federal law was frequently disregarded by certain states. The question hence became whether the federal government could de facto coerce states by coercing individuals. These debates intensified during the South Carolina Nullification Crisis, and culminated on the eve of the Civil War, as the southern states declared their intent to secede from the Union. These multiple instances of state defiance and the eventual use of federal coercive force consolidated the new constitutional arrangement. The emergence of a distinctly national constitutional identity thus paralleled the evolution of the federal power of coercion.

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1776-1861 年美国的联邦强制和国家宪法认同

本文考察了从《独立宣言》到南北战争期间美国政府联邦强制力的发展。尽管对各州对联邦征用的蔑视感到不满，但开国元勋们在制宪会议上同意，国家政府不应有权通过军事手段强迫个别州遵守联邦法律。相反，建立了一个联邦司法机构来维护宪法的至高无上的地位。作为新宪法构成的一部分，联邦政府现在有权胁迫个人，使各州的胁迫变得不必要。然而，在内战前的时代，联邦法律经常被某些州忽视。因此，问题变成了联邦政府是否可以通过胁迫个人来事实上胁迫各州。这些辩论在南卡罗来纳州废止危机期间愈演愈烈，并在南北战争前夕达到高潮，因为南部各州宣布打算脱离联邦。这些国家蔑视和最终使用联邦强制力的多重实例巩固了新的宪法安排。因此，明显的国家宪法认同的出现与联邦强制权力的演变并行。这些国家蔑视和最终使用联邦强制力的多重实例巩固了新的宪法安排。因此，明显的国家宪法认同的出现与联邦强制权力的演变并行。这些国家蔑视和最终使用联邦强制力的多重实例巩固了新的宪法安排。因此，明显的国家宪法认同的出现与联邦强制权力的演变并行。