The concept of parental alienation (PA) has expanded in popular usage at the same time that it remains mired in controversy about its scientific integrity and its use as a legal strategy in response to an increasing range of issues in family court. In this paper we describe how competing advocacy movements (for mothers, fathers and children) in the family justice field have, over time, helped shape the shifting definitions and widening focal concerns of PAfrom children who make false allegations of abuse, to those who resist or refuse contact with a parent, to parent relocation, and to the emotional abuse wrecked upon children who are victims of a manipulative parent. In search of common ground for a sound approach to using PA concepts, we argue that the Single Factor model of PA (asserting that an alienating preferred parent is primarily the source of the problem) is inadequate, overly simplistic and misleading. A Single Factor model rests on the fallacy that abuse or poor parenting on the part of either parent have been, or are able to be, ruled out as sufficient reason for the child’s rejecting stance. By contrast, multi-factor models of PA make more useful, valid, differentiated clinical predictions of children’s rejection of a parent, informed by basic and applied research on children and families. However, multi-factor models are complex and difficult to argue in court and to use in assessment and interventions. Suggestions are made for developing intervention-focused prediction models that reduce the number of factors involved and are applicable across different types of interventions.

中文翻译：

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父母异化：为更分化的理论寻找共同点

父母异化 (PA) 的概念在大众使用中得到了扩展，同时它仍然深陷关于其科学完整性的争议，以及将其用作应对家庭法庭中越来越多的问题的法律策略。在本文中，我们描述了家庭正义领域中相互竞争的倡导运动（针对母亲、父亲和儿童）如何随着时间的推移，帮助塑造了 PA 的定义转变和焦点问题，从提出虚假虐待指控的儿童到抵制或拒绝与父母联系，拒绝父母搬迁，以及遭受操纵父母的儿童遭受的情感虐待。为了寻找使用 PA 概念的合理方法的共同点，我们认为 PA 的单因素模型（断言疏远的首选父母是问题的主要根源）是不充分的、过于简单化和误导性的。单因素模型基于这样一种谬论，即父母一方的虐待或教养不当已经或能够被排除作为孩子拒绝立场的充分理由。相比之下，基于对儿童和家庭的基础和应用研究，PA 的多因素模型可以对儿童拒绝父母的情况做出更有用、有效、差异化的临床预测。然而，多因素模型很复杂，难以在法庭上争论以及在评估和干预中使用。