The harmful consequences of female circumcision for women's health have been demonstrated and are regularly recalled by the World Health Organisation. Whereas in the past, the cultural dimension of the practice was emphasised, which result in impunity or absence of guilt, it is now considered by the United Nations as a violation of human rights, especially of the right to health. In 2012, the General Assembly asked States for a total ban on the practice. Despite the consensus on the punishability of female circumcision, its enforcement diverges, in particular in Western Europe. France is considered as a model in this area, that's why this study focuses on it. Yet, under French law, there is no special legislation criminalising the practice: female circumcision is punishable on grounds of mutilation. However, the French success is not complete: the prevention of such acts could be improved.

中文翻译：

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反对女性割礼的法律框架：从文化纵容到侵犯人权。法国的例子

女性包皮环切术对妇女健康的有害影响已得到证实，世界卫生组织定期提醒。过去强调这种习俗的文化方面会导致有罪不罚或无罪感，而联合国现在认为这是对人权，尤其是健康权的侵犯。2012年，大会要求各国全面禁止这种做法。尽管就女性割礼的可惩罚性达成了共识，但其执行方式有所不同，尤其是在西欧。法国被认为是该领域的榜样，这就是本研究重点关注法国的原因。但是，根据法国法律，没有专门的立法将这种做法定为犯罪：女性割礼是基于残割的行为而应受的惩罚。然而，