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Resolving Turri's Puzzle about Withholding
Dialectica Pub Date : 2016-06-01 , DOI: 10.1111/1746-8361.12140
Sebastian Becker 1
Affiliation  

Turri (2012) describes a case in which a group of experts apparently correctly advise you not to withhold on a proposition P, but where your evidence neither supports believing nor disbelieving P. He claims that this presents a puzzle about withholding: on the one hand, it seems that you should not withhold on P, since the experts say so. On the other hand, we have the intuition that you should neither believe nor disbelieve P, since your evidence doesn't support it. Thus, there is apparently no doxastic attitude you are permitted to adopt to P. Turri considers various solutions to the puzzle, but in the end rejects all of them and concludes that it seems to be unsolvable. I suggest resolving the puzzle by distinguishing between what I call the subjective and the collective ‘should’. In light of your, the subject's, evidence, i.e., in the subjective sense of ‘should’, you should neither believe nor disbelieve P. However, in light of your and the experts' combined evidence, i.e., in the collective sense of ‘should’, you should not withhold on P. It is true that you are not permitted to adopt a doxastic attitude if you should not, in the subjective sense of ‘should’, adopt it; but this is not so if you should not adopt it in the collective sense. Thus, you are actually permitted to withhold on P. The puzzle is nonetheless philosophically interesting since it points something out that deserves more discussion in epistemology: epistemic advice and the collective sense of the doxastic ‘should’, which we use when giving epistemic advice.

中文翻译:

解决 Turri 关于预扣税的难题

Turri (2012) 描述了一个案例,其中一组专家显然正确地建议您不要隐瞒命题 P,但您的证据既不支持相信也不相信 P。他声称这提出了关于隐瞒的难题:一方面,看来你不应该对P隐瞒,因为专家是这样说的。另一方面,我们的直觉是你既不应该相信也不应该不相信 P,因为你的证据不支持它。因此,显然不允许您对 P. Turri 采取各种怀疑态度。 Turri 考虑了各种解决方案,但最终拒绝了所有解决方案,并得出结论认为它似乎无法解决。我建议通过区分我所说的主观和集体“应该”来解决这个难题。根据你的,主题的,证据,即,在“应该”的主观意义上,你既不应该相信也不应该相信 P。但是,根据你和专家的综合证据,即在“应该”的集体意义上,你不应该对 P 隐瞒。确实,如果您在主观意义上“应该”不应该采用这种态度,则不允许您采用这种态度;但是,如果您不应该在集体意义上采用它,则情况并非如此。因此,你实际上被允许隐瞒 P。这个谜题在哲学上仍然很有趣,因为它指出了一些值得在认识论中进行更多讨论的东西:认知建议和我们在提供认知建议时使用的信念“应该”的集体意义。e.,在“应该”的集体意义上,你不应该对P隐瞒。确实,如果你不应该,在“应该”的主观意义上,采用它,你就不允许采取一种信念式的态度;但是,如果您不应该在集体意义上采用它,则情况并非如此。因此,你实际上被允许隐瞒 P。这个谜题在哲学上仍然很有趣,因为它指出了一些值得在认识论中进行更多讨论的东西:认识论建议和我们在提供认识论建议时使用的信念“应该”的集体意义。e.,在“应该”的集体意义上,你不应该对P隐瞒。确实,如果你不应该,在“应该”的主观意义上,采用它,你就不允许采取一种信念式的态度;但是,如果您不应该在集体意义上采用它,则情况并非如此。因此,你实际上被允许隐瞒 P。这个谜题在哲学上仍然很有趣,因为它指出了一些值得在认识论中进行更多讨论的东西:认知建议和我们在提供认知建议时使用的信念“应该”的集体意义。
更新日期:2016-06-01
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